scholarly journals Long‐term variability and trends in meteorological droughts in Western Europe (1851–2018)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio M. Vicente‐Serrano ◽  
Fernando Domínguez‐Castro ◽  
Conor Murphy ◽  
Jamie Hannaford ◽  
Fergus Reig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Meteorological Droughts

Transformations of Identity and Society in Anglo-Saxon Essex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Mirrington
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Cultural Affiliation ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
North Western

Transformations of Identity and Society in Anglo-Saxon Essex: A Case Study of an Early Medieval North Atlantic Community presents the results of a comprehensive archaeological study of early medieval Essex (c.AD 400-1066). This region provides an important case study for examining coastal societies of north-western Europe. Drawing on a wealth of new data, the author demonstrates the profound influence of maritime contacts on changing expressions of cultural affiliation. It is argued that this Continental orientation reflects Essex’s longterm engagement with the emergent, dynamic North Sea network. The wide chronological focus and inclusive dataset enables long-term socio-economic continuity and transformation to be revealed. These include major new insights into the construction of group identity in Essex between the 5th and 11th centuries and the identification of several previously unknown sites of exchange. The presentation also includes the first full archaeological study of Essex under ‘Viking’ rule.

scholarly journals High frequency Barium profiles in shells of the Great Scallop <i>Pecten maximus</i>: a methodical long-term and multi-site survey in Western Europe

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 3665-3698 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Barats ◽  
D. Amouroux ◽  
L. Chauvaud ◽  
C. Pécheyran ◽  
A. Lorrain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Great Scallop ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
Scallop Shells ◽  
Bay Of Brest ◽  
Long Term Survey

Abstract. Skeletal barium/calcium ([Ba]/[Ca])shell ratios were measured every third daily striae in 39 flat valves of the Great Scallop Pecten maximus (2-year old; 3 shells/year) collected in temperate coastal environments of Western Europe. Variations of ([Ba]/[Ca])shell ratio were first demonstrated reproducible for several scallop individuals from the same population, over a 7-year period (1998–2004), and from different coastal environments in France (42–49° N). As in previous studies, ([Ba]/[Ca])shell profiles exhibited a background ratio punctuated by transient maxima occurring in summer. Background partition coefficient (DBa=0.11±0.03, in 2000) was similar to that previously reported in P. maximus shells (DBa=0.18), suggesting a direct shell uptake of dissolved seawater Ba (Gillikin et al., 2008). Special attention was then dedicated to the complete monitoring of high resolution ([Ba]/[Ca])shell profiles in bivalve shells (7 years, Bay of Brest) to better constrain environmental processes influencing both the occurrence and the amplitude of summer peaks. In 2000, seawater Ba analyses underlined significant particulate Ba inputs at the seawater interface (SWI) during ([Ba]/[Ca])shell peak events. These Ba inputs are suggested to be subsequent to and rather induced by a pelagic biogenic process. The long term survey revealed first that archived Ba within the shell cannot be used as a direct paleo productivity tracer, and second that complex pelagic/benthic processes in the Ba cycle are responsible of particulate Ba inputs to the SWI, subsequently taken up by the bivalve and recorded as higher ([Ba]/[Ca])shell ratios. When these processes will be better constrained, high frequency observations of Ba in scallop shells would provide new insights into filter feeding dynamics and into Ba biogeochemistry in coastal environments.

scholarly journals Motivations behind individuals’ energy efficiency investments and daily energy-saving behavior: The case of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Perret ◽  
V. Udalov ◽  
N. Fabisch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Beijing Area ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Sociocultural Background ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of environmental motivations on the individual’s decisions regarding investments in energy efficiency and the adoption of energy-saving habits are analyzed for a representative sample of Chinese inhabitants from the larger Beijing area, replicating a comparative study on Western Europe. For the considered type of energy efficiency investments and daily energy-saving activities similarities and discrepancies between the two regions are discussed in regard to their sociocultural background as well as governmental regulations. The study provides empirical evidence that for Chinese environmental issues if all only play a tertiary role after monetary and regulatory incentives. The findings could suggest that in China policy programs aimed at raising environmental awareness and forming pro-environmental motivations might not lead to an increase in energy efficiency investments and daily energy-saving activities and the Chinese government’s interests in this regard might be better served by implementing corresponding incentives via regulations. In the long-term. However, social peer pressure might affect a change in the Chinese mentality.

Market Power and Market Failure The Decline of the European Fertilizer Industry and the Expansion of Norsk Hydro

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Lie
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Organizational Capabilities ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Norsk Hydro ◽  
Fertilizer Industry ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Stability

During the 1980s, the fertilizer industry in Western Europe underwent some radical changes. Reduced profitability and overcapacity forced a number of smaller producers to close down, and most of the major firms in the business either withdrew from the market or reduced their capacity. The exception was the Norwegian industrial conglomerate Norsk Hydro, which expanded rapidly and established itself as the largest producer in Europe and later globally.The article discusses the strategy behind Hydro's expansion in relation to the changing structure of the fertilizer market, which historically was characterized by tacit and explicit agreements on prices and market shares between the major producers. Hydro's strategy and growth are analyzed in relation to some theoretical contributions from the study of transnationalisation of enterprises. A main argument is that Hydro's expansion was not driven by advantages in cost structure or organizational capabilities, nor did the expansion create such advantages. The Norwegian company expanded in foreignmarkets partly because it had less to lose from a counterattack than competitors in largermarkets and partly because of strategic disadvantages. Contrary to most of its large European competitors, Hydro failed to identify the long term threats to the stability and profitability of the Western European market.

Chapter 14: Prevention: vaccines and immunoglobulins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Pöllabauer ◽  
Herwig Kollaritsch
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Pediatric Formulation ◽  
The One ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Worldwide there are 6 different TBE vaccines – two from Western Europe, three from Russia and one from China. The two western European vaccines and one of the Russian vaccines have an adult and a pediatric formulation. The products names are FSME IMMUN and FSME-IMMUN Junior; Encepur adults and Encepur children, Klesch-E-Vac, EnceVir and EnceVir Neo, Dry lyophilized TBE Moscow and Sen Tai Bao. All TBE vaccines except the one from China have similar but not identical immunization schedules with primary immunization (>3 doses) and regular booster vaccinations. For FSME-IMMUN, Encepur and EnceVir rapid immunization schedules are also licensed. The Chinese vaccine is given with 2 primary doses 2 weeks apart followed by annual boosters. All vaccines induce significant immune responses. In the absence of a formal correlate of protection, the presence of neutralizing antibodies is used as a surrogate marker for protection. Recent clinical studies show long-term seropersistence of TBE antibodies after the first booster vaccination (dose 4) with the two European vaccines. An effectiveness of approximately 99% (years 2000–2006) and 98.7% (years 2000-2011) was calculated for regularly vaccinated persons in Austria, a country with established high vaccination uptake. Whereas in Western Europe post-exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulins was discontinued in the late 1990s, in the highly endemic regions of Russia it continues to be common practice. Both – FSME-IMMUN and Encepur are well tolerated with a well-established safety profile. TBE-Moscow and EnceVir appear to be somewhat more reactogenic.

Strategies of Dominance

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-110
Author(s):  
Catherine E. De Vries ◽  
Sara B. Hobolt
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Political ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Dominant Party ◽  
Real Risk ◽  
Party Strategies ◽  
Dominant Parties ◽  
And Control

This chapter examines the strategies employed by dominant parties to secure their long-term electoral success and control of office. The first of the dominant-party strategies is that of distinctive convergence, whereby dominant parties take positions closer to the center ground in order to appeal to the tastes of a larger share of the electorate. Second, dominant parties seek to keep challengers at bay by controlling the political agenda and avoiding issues that may be disadvantageous to them. The final strategy concerns the emphasis of dominant parties on their competence. In combination, the strategies of distinctive convergence, issue avoidance, and competence have kept the old center-right and center-left parties in a dominant position in most of Western Europe for decades. Yet, these strategies are not without risk. As dominant parties converge to the center, there is a real risk that voters perceive them as too similar and feel they lack a genuine alternative.

scholarly journals Hominin responses to environmental changes during the Middle Pleistocene in central and southern Italy

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 687-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Orain ◽  
V. Lebreton ◽  
E. Russo Ermolli ◽  
A.-M. Sémah ◽  
S. Nomade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Vegetation Dynamic ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Global Climate Changes

Abstract. The palaeobotanical record of early Palaeolithic sites from Western Europe indicates that hominins settled in different kinds of environments. During the "mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT)", from about 1 to 0.6 Ma, the transition from 41- to 100-ka dominant climatic oscillations, occurring within a long-term cooling trend, was associated with an aridity crisis which strongly modified the ecosystems. Starting from the MPT the more favourable climate of central and southern Italy provided propitious environmental conditions for long-term human occupations even during the glacial times. In fact, the human strategy of territory occupation was certainly driven by the availabilities of resources. Prehistoric sites such as Notarchirico (ca. 680–600 ka), La Pineta (ca. 600–620 ka), Guado San Nicola (ca. 380–350 ka) or Ceprano (ca. 345–355 ka) testify to a preferential occupation of the central and southern Apennines valleys during interglacial phases, while later interglacial occupations were oriented towards the coastal plains, as attested by the numerous settlements of the Roma Basin (ca. 300 ka). Faunal remains indicate that human subsistence behaviours benefited from a diversity of exploitable ecosystems, from semi-open to closed environments. In central and southern Italy, several palynological records have already illustrated the regional- and local-scale vegetation dynamic trends. During the Middle Pleistocene climate cycles, mixed mesophytic forests developed during the interglacial periods and withdrew in response to increasing aridity during the glacial episodes. New pollen data from the Boiano Basin (Molise, Italy) attest to the evolution of vegetation and climate between MIS 13 and 9 (ca. 500 to 300 ka). In this basin the persistence of high edaphic humidity, even during the glacial phases, could have favoured the establishment of a refuge area for the arboreal flora and provided subsistence resources for the animal and hominin communities during the Middle Pleistocene. This could have constrained human groups to migrate into such a propitious area. Regarding the local climate evolution during the glacial episodes, the supposed displacement from these sites could be linked to the environmental dynamics solely due to the aridity increase, rather than directly to the global climate changes.

scholarly journals A Nonaligned Business World: The Global Socialist Enterprise between Self-Management and Transnational Capitalism

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ljubica Spaskovska ◽  
Anna Calori
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Public Enterprise ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Business World ◽  
Socialist Enterprise ◽  
Leading Role

Abstract This article explores the role of Yugoslav self-managed corporations in the global economy, with a particular attention to the late socialist period (1976–1991). Guided by a vision of a long-term integration of the Yugoslav economy into the international division of labor on the basis of equality and mutual interest, by the late 1970s the country’s foreign trade and hard currency revenue was boosted by a number of globally oriented corporate entities, some of which survived the demise of socialism and the dissolution of the country. These enterprises had a leading role as the country’s principal exporters and as the fulcrum of a web of economic contacts and exchanges between the Global South, Western Europe, and the Soviet Bloc. The article seeks to fill a historiographic gap by focusing on two major Yugoslav enterprises (Energoinvest and Pelagonija) that were based in the less-developed federal republics—Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia. The article also investigates the transnational flow of ideas around the so-called “public enterprise,” its embeddedness in an interdependent global economy, and its visions for equitable development. Finally, the article explores these enterprises as enablers of social mobility and welfare, as well as spaces where issues of efficiency, planning, self-reliance, and self-management were negotiated.

scholarly journals The 1949 sterling crisis and British policy towards European integration

1985 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Newton
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Public Records ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Impact

Most commentators on the 1949 sterling crisis have viewed it as an episode with implications merely for the management of the British economy. This paper, based on the public records now available, discusses the impact of the crisis on British economic foreign policy. In particular it suggests that the crisis revealed deep Anglo-American differences, centring on the nature of the Marshall Plan, on the international value of the sterling area, and on the proper relationship between the United Kingdom and Western Europe, Ultimately the British succeeded in resolving these disagreements: but this triumph ironically implied both the defeat of British aims in post-war European reconstruction and a long term delusion that great power status could be maintained on the basis of a special relationship-with the United States.

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