Synthetic base stocks for low viscosity motor oils

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Willschke ◽  
D. Humbert ◽  
A. Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Base Stocks ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Motor Oils

scholarly journals Low Friction Powertrains: Current Advances in Lubricants and Coatings

Lubricants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Peter Lee ◽  
Boris Zhmud
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Surface Finishing ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Coating Methods ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Motor Oils

Improving fuel economy and reducing emissions is nowadays more important than ever. Apart from powertrain electrification, automotive manufacturers have constantly been seeking to improve the efficiency of the internal combustion engine. Downsizing and boosting have become common practice in the internal combustion engine (ICE) design. Increased power density and torque output of modern boosted engines, in combination with the introduction of automatic stop-start systems and ultralow viscosity lubricants tends to stress the engine beyond the limits foreseen in the classical design. This leads to wear problems. Each engine component comes with a unique landscape of competing manufacturing technologies, among which advanced surface finishing and coating methods play an important role. This presentation provides an overview of different industrial trends related thereto. The role of lubricant on the engine tribology is studied for different engine designs. The importance of in-design “pairing” of low-viscosity motor oils with the engine characteristics is highlighted filling the gap in the understanding of complex interactions between the crankcase lubricant and engine mechanics.

scholarly journals Non-traditional Ziegler-Natta catalysis in α-olefin transformations: reaction mechanisms and product design

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 1017-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya Nifant’ev ◽  
Pavel Ivchenko ◽  
Alexander Tavtorkin ◽  
Alexey Vinogradov ◽  
Alexander Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Functional Derivatives ◽  
Reactive Center ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cyclopentadienyl Complexes ◽  
Hydride Elimination ◽  
Motor Oils ◽  
Olefin Oligomerization ◽  
Catalytic Particles

AbstractThis paper describes our recent results in the field of zirconocene-catalyzed α-oltfin transformations, and focuses on questions regarding the reaction mechanism, rational design of zirconocene pre-catalysts, as well as prospective uses of α-olefin products. It has been determined that a wide range of α-olefin-based products, namely vinylidene dimers, oligomers and polymers, can be prepared via catalysis by zirconocene dichlorides, activated by a minimal (10–20 eq.) amount of MAO. We assumed that in the presence of minimal quantities of MAO, various types of zirconocene catalysts form different types of catalytic particles. In the case of bis-cyclopentadienyl complexes, the reactive center is formed under the influence of R2AlCl, which makes the chain termination via β-hydride elimination significantly easier, with α-olefin dimers being formed as the primary product. Bis-indenyl complexes and their heteroanalogues, form stable cationic catalytic particles and effectively catalyze the polymerization. Mono-indenyl and mono-substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl-ansa complexes catalyze α-olefin oligomerization. Effective catalysts of dimerization, oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins in the presence of minimal MAO quantities are proposed. Prospects of using α-olefin dimers, oligomers and polymers in the synthesis of branched hydrocarbon functional derivatives (dimers), high quality, low viscosity motor oils (oligomers), and thickeners and absorbents (polymers) are examined.

Effect of Low Viscosity Passenger Car Motor Oils on Fuel Economy Engine Tests

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Ushioda ◽  
Trevor W. Miller ◽  
Carrie B. Sims ◽  
Gary Parsons ◽  
Mark Sztenderowicz
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Motor Oils

Features of technical requirements for operational properties automotive engine oils in new specifications

2021 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
V. A. Zolotov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Automotive Engine ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Motor Oils

Analytical information on the state of the art in the development and implementation of new foreign requirements in the specifications for motor oils for serial and future automobile engines, taking into account global trends in environmental protection, is presented. Global technical requirements for the level of properties of engine oils are traditionally improved, both in the direction of meeting the design features of new engines and their operating conditions. For example, the market for motor oils for automotive diesel engines is gradually moving to products with lower kinematic viscosity with the advancement of the advantages of new technologies, which makes them more accessible for use by truck fleets. Over the past decades, engine oils with viscosity grades 15W-40 according to SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers - SAE) in the heavy truck market and 10W-30 according to SAE in the passenger car market have been the main ones. More recently, there has been a transition to truck operation on SAE 10W-30 viscosity grades, and a trend has gradually emerged towards the use of the latest category of engine oils for diesel engines FA-4 API (American Petroleum Institute - API) with a lower viscosity. Currently, the demand is shifting towards low-viscosity oils that meet the three needs of diesel engines for trucks [1].

The Use of Styrenes as Embedding Media for Electron Microscopy

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 488-489
Author(s):  
Edward D. De-Lamater ◽  
Eric Johnson ◽  
Thad Schoen ◽  
Cecil Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide ◽  
Methyl Ethyl ◽  
Styrene Polymerization ◽  
Radical Initiation ◽  
Tertiary Butyl ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Free Radical Initiation

Monomeric styrenes are demonstrated as excellent embedding media for electron microscopy. Monomeric styrene has extremely low viscosity and low surface tension (less than 1) affording extremely rapid penetration into the specimen. Spurr's Medium based on ERL-4206 (J.Ultra. Research 26, 31-43, 1969) is viscous, requiring gradual infiltration with increasing concentrations. Styrenes are soluble in alcohol and acetone thus fitting well into the usual dehydration procedures. Infiltration with styrene may be done directly following complete dehydration without dilution.Monomeric styrenes are usually inhibited from polymerization by a catechol, in this case, tertiary butyl catechol. Styrene polymerization is activated by Methyl Ethyl Ketone peroxide, a liquid, and probably acts by overcoming the inhibition of the catechol, acting as a source of free radical initiation.Polymerization is carried out either by a temperature of 60°C. or under ultraviolet light with wave lengths of 3400-4000 Engstroms; polymerization stops on removal from the ultraviolet light or heat and is therefore controlled by the length of exposure.

Some quantitative applications of vascular corrosion casting

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 738-739
Author(s):  
Fred E. Hossler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Nuclear Orientation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Corrosion Casting ◽  
Venous Valve ◽  
Casting Technique ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Quantitative Measurements

Preparation of replicas of the complex arrangement of blood vessels in various organs and tissues has been accomplished by infusing low viscosity resins into the vasculature. Subsequent removal of the surrounding tissue by maceration leaves a model of the intricate three-dimensional anatomy of the blood vessels of the tissue not obtainable by any other procedure. When applied with care, the vascular corrosion casting technique can reveal fine details of the microvasculature including endothelial nuclear orientation and distribution (Fig. 1), locations of arteriolar sphincters (Fig. 2), venous valve anatomy (Fig. 3), and vessel size, density, and branching patterns. Because casts faithfully replicate tissue vasculature, they can be used for quantitative measurements of that vasculature. The purpose of this report is to summarize and highlight some quantitative applications of vascular corrosion casting. In each example, casts were prepared by infusing Mercox, a methyl-methacrylate resin, and macerating the tissue with 20% KOH. Casts were either mounted for conventional scanning electron microscopy, or sliced for viewing with a confocal laser microscope.

Investigation of thin sections of biological standards by EDX, EELS, and Auger electron spectroscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
S. Lehner ◽  
H.E. Bauer ◽  
R. Wurster ◽  
H. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Processing System ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Energy Filtering ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Carbon Foils ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Exchange Membrane

In order to compare different microanalytical techniques commercially available cation exchange membrane SC-1 (Stantech Inc, Palo Alto), was loaded with biologically relevant elements as Na, Mg, K, and Ca, respectively, each to its highest possible concentration, given by the number concentration of exchangeable binding sites (4 % wt. for Ca). Washing in distilled water, dehydration through a graded series of ethanol, infiltration and embedding in Spurr’s low viscosity epoxy resin was followed by thin sectioning. The thin sections (thickness of about 50 nm) were prepared on carbon foils and mounted on electron microscopical finder grids.The samples were analyzed with electron microprobe JXA 50A with transmitted electron device, EDX system TN 5400, and on line operating image processing system SEM-IPS, energy filtering electron microscope CEM 902 with EELS/ESI and Auger spectrometer 545 Perkin Elmer.With EDX, a beam current of some 10-10 A and a beam diameter of about 10 nm, a minimum-detectable mass of 10-20 g Ca seems within reach.

Ultrastructural autoradiography of L6 skeletal-muscle cells exposed to a tritiated macrolide antibiotic (LY237216) in vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
S.L. White ◽  
C.B. Jensen ◽  
D.D. Giera ◽  
D.A. Laska ◽  
M.N. Novilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotic ◽  
Circle Method ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Polycarbonate Membrane ◽  
L6 Cells ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Erythromycin A

In vitro exposure to LY237216 (9-Deoxo-11-deoxy-9,11-{imino[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylidene]-oxy}-(9S)-erythromycin), a macrolide antibiotic, was found to induce cytoplasmic vacuolation in L6 skeletal muscle myoblast cultures (White, S.L., unpubl). The present study was done to determine, by autoradiographic quantitative analysis, the subcellular distribution of 3H-LY237216 in L6 cells.L6 cells (ATCC, CRL 1458) were cultured to confluency on polycarbonate membrane filters (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) in M-199 medium (GIBCO® Labs) with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were exposed from the apical surface for 1-hour to unlabelled-compound (0 μCi/ml) or 50 (μCi/ml of 3H-LY237216 at a compound concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. Following a rapid rinse in compound-free growth medium, the cells were slam-frozen against a liquid nitrogen cooled, polished copper block in a CF-100 cryofixation unit (LifeCell Corp., The Woodlands, TX). Specimens were dried in the MDD-C Molecular Distillation Drier (LifeCell Corp.), vapor osmicated and embedded in Spurrs low viscosity resin. Ultrathin sections collected on formvar coated stainless steel grids were counter-stained, then individually mounted on corks. A monolayer of Ilford L4 nuclear emulsion (Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, PA) was placed on the sections, utilizing a modified “loop method”. The emulsions were exposed for 7-weeks in a light-tight box at 4°C. Autoradiographs were developed in Microdol-X developer and examined on a Philips EM410LS transmission electron microscope. Quantitative analysis of compound localization employed the point and circle approach of Williams; incorporating the probability circle method of Salpeter and McHenry.

The concerted use of SEM, TEM, and SCM for examination of resin-dentin interfaces

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 476-477
Author(s):  
B. Van Meerbeek ◽  
L. J. Conn ◽  
E. S. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Bonding Mechanism ◽  
Restorative Dentistry ◽  
Dental Adhesive ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Dentin Adhesives ◽  
Acid Etch ◽  
Tooth Tissue

Restoration of decayed teeth with tooth-colored materials that can be bonded to tooth tissue has been a highly desirable property in restorative dentistry for many years. Advantages of such an adhesive restorative technique over conventional techniques using non-adhesive metal-based restoratives include improved restoration retention with minimal sacrifice of sound tooth tissue for retention purposes, superior adaptation and sealing of the restoration margins in prevention of caries recurrence, improved stress distribution across the tooth-restoration interface throughout the whole tooth, and even reinforcement of weakened tooth structures. The dental adhesive technology is rapidly changing. An efficient resin bond to enamel has already long been achieved. Its bonding mechanism has been fully elucidated and has proven to be a durable and reliable clinical treatment. However, bonding to dentin represents a greater challenge. After the failures of a dentin acid-etch technique in imitation of the enamel phosphoric-acid-etch technique and a bonding procedure based on chemical adhesion, modern dentin adhesives are currently believed to bond to dentin by a micromechanical hybridization process. This process is developed by an initial demineralization of the dentin surface layer with acid etchants exposing a collagen fibril arrangement with interfibrillar microporosities that subsequently become impregnated by low-viscosity monomers. Although the development of such a hybridization process has well been documented in the literature, questions remain with respect to parameters of-primary importance to adhesive efficacy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document