The snow tire illusion: Different levels of perceptual assimilation across a single stimulus configuration

PsyCh Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Tanja Gulan ◽  
Pavle Valerjev ◽  
Marin Dujmović

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (48) ◽  
pp. 13702-13707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Berent ◽  
Outi Bat-El ◽  
Diane Brentari ◽  
Amanda Dupuis ◽  
Vered Vaknin-Nusbaum

Does knowledge of language consist of abstract principles, or is it fully embodied in the sensorimotor system? To address this question, we investigate the double identity of doubling (e.g.,slaflaf, or generally, XX; where X stands for a phonological constituent). Across languages, doubling is known to elicit conflicting preferences at different levels of linguistic analysis (phonology vs. morphology). Here, we show that these preferences are active in the brains of individual speakers, and they are demonstrably distinct from sensorimotor pressures. We first demonstrate that doubling in novel English words elicits divergent percepts: Viewed as meaningless (phonological) forms, doubling is disliked (e.g.,slaflaf<slafmak), but once doubling in form is systematically linked to meaning (e.g.,slaf =ball,slaflaf =balls), the doubling aversion shifts into a reliable (morphological) preference. We next show that sign-naive speakers spontaneously project these principles to novel signs in American Sign Language, and their capacity to do so depends on the structure of their spoken language (English vs. Hebrew). These results demonstrate that linguistic preferences doubly dissociate from sensorimotor demands: A single stimulus can elicit diverse percepts, yet these percepts are invariant across stimulus modality––for speech and signs. These conclusions are in line with the possibility that some linguistic principles are abstract, and they apply broadly across language modality.



2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Cunha Vasconcellos ◽  
Tamie Mota Arbex ◽  
Aline Silva Ziehe ◽  
Lara Cruz de Senna-Fernandes ◽  
Samantha Golçalves Barbosa ◽  
...  

Background: Tourette’s Syndrome (TS) has a neuropsychiatric aspect and a chronic repertoire of motor-phonic tics. The common onset is in infants and remission in adults. Objective: investigate psychomotor consequences in children with TS. Design and settings: literature review. Methods: eleven studies were selected from a group of 20 after searching the MEDLINE database for “psychomotor performance OR psychomotor development” and “Tourette’s Syndrome”. Only articles with full texts available and published from 2011-2021 were included. Results: the response time (RT) of children with TS was longer. Throughout Do/Don’t tasks, with/without false alarms, the RT was lower while the accuracy of movement (AM) was greater. A study on RT and AM with different levels of complexity showed greater difficulty in ST group (p<0.001) with RT increasing according to complexity. Many children with TS also had ADHD, and when comparing them to the ones only with TS, the ADHD+TS group made more mistakes while having the same RT. The ADHD+TS group also had a response blockage in non-sequential tests and lower TS in sequential tests (p=0.006). Studies showed an association between motor tics and forgetfulness rate (FR), with these being inversely proportional. Conclusion: children with TS have greater RT and the response to uni and bimodal stimuli differ, with greater AM and lower RT to single stimulus. More severe tics were associated with better content retention. Other psychiatric disorders are common, especially ADHD, requiring further studies to link the consequences of each pathology accordingly.



Author(s):  
J. E. Doherty ◽  
A. F. Giamei ◽  
B. H. Kear ◽  
C. W. Steinke

Recently we have been investigating a class of nickel-base superalloys which possess substantial room temperature ductility. This improvement in ductility is directly related to improvements in grain boundary strength due to increased boundary cohesion through control of detrimental impurities and improved boundary shear strength by controlled grain boundary micros true tures.For these investigations an experimental nickel-base superalloy was doped with different levels of sulphur impurity. The micros tructure after a heat treatment of 1360°C for 2 hr, 1200°C for 16 hr consists of coherent precipitates of γ’ Ni3(Al,X) in a nickel solid solution matrix.



Author(s):  
M. Kraemer ◽  
J. Foucrier ◽  
J. Vassy ◽  
M.T. Chalumeau

Some authors using immunofluorescent techniques had already suggested that some hepatocytes are able to synthetize several plasma proteins. In vitro studies on normal cells or on cells issued of murine hepatomas raise the same conclusion. These works could be indications of an hepatocyte functionnal non-specialization, meanwhile the authors never give direct topographic proofs suitable with this hypothesis.The use of immunoenzymatic techniques after obtention of monospecific antisera had seemed to us useful to bring forward a better knowledge of this problem. We have studied three carrier proteins (transferrin = Tf, hemopexin = Hx, albumin = Alb) operating at different levels in iron metabolism by demonstrating and localizing the adult rat hepatocytes involved in their synthesis.Immunological, histological and ultrastructural methods have been described in a previous work.



2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Göran Nilsson

This paper presents four domains of markers that have been found to predict later cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. These four domains are (1) data patterns of memory performance, (2) cardiovascular factors, (3) genetic markers, and (4) brain activity. The critical features of each domain are illustrated with data from the longitudinal Betula Study on memory, aging, and health ( Nilsson et al., 1997 ; Nilsson et al., 2004 ). Up to now, early signs regarding these domains have been examined one by one and it has been found that they are associated with later cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. However, it was also found that each marker accounts for only a very small part of the total variance, implying that single markers should not be used as predictors for cognitive decline or neurodegenerative disease. It is discussed whether modeling and simulations should be used as tools to combine markers at different levels to increase the amount of explained variance.



Methodology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere J. Ferrando

In the IRT person-fluctuation model, the individual trait levels fluctuate within a single test administration whereas the items have fixed locations. This article studies the relations between the person and item parameters of this model and two central properties of item and test scores: temporal stability and external validity. For temporal stability, formulas are derived for predicting and interpreting item response changes in a test-retest situation on the basis of the individual fluctuations. As for validity, formulas are derived for obtaining disattenuated estimates and for predicting changes in validity in groups with different levels of fluctuation. These latter formulas are related to previous research in the person-fit domain. The results obtained and the relations discussed are illustrated with an empirical example.



2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Astrid Eisenbeiß ◽  
Steffen R. Giessner

The present paper gives a review of empirical research on ethical leadership and shows that still little is known known about the contextual antecedents of ethical leadership. To address this important issue, a conceptual framework is developed that analyzes the embeddedness of organizational ethical leadership. This framework identifies manifest and latent contextual factors on three different levels of analysis – society, industry, and organization – which can affect the development and maintenance of ethical leadership. In particular, propositions are offered about how (1) societal characteristics, notably the implementation and the spirit of human rights in a society and societal cultural values of responsibility, justice, humanity, and transparency; (2) industry characteristics such as environmental complexity, the content of the organizational mandate, and the interests of stakeholder networks; and (3) intra-organizational characteristics, including the organizational ethical infrastructure and the ethical leadership behavior of a leader’s peer group, influence the development and maintenance of ethical leadership in organizations. This list of factors is not exhaustive, but illustrates how the three levels may impact ethical leadership. Implications for managerial practice and future research are discussed.



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