Predicting Self–Confident Behaviour with Implicit and Explicit Self–Esteem Measures

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 648-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Krause ◽  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Boris Egloff ◽  
Stefan C. Schmukle
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Affective Priming Task

The present research compared the validity of popular direct and indirect measures of self–esteem in predicting self–confident behaviour in different social situations. In line with behavioural dual–process models, both implicit and explicit self–esteem were hypothesized to be related to appearing self–confident to unacquainted others. A total of 127 participants responded to the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Self–Esteem Scale, and an adjective scale for measuring explicit self–esteem (ESE). Participants‘ implicit self–esteem (ISE) was assessed with four indirect measures: the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the name–letter task (NLT), and two variants of an affective priming task, the reaction–time affective priming task (RT–APT) and the error–based affective priming task (EB–APT). Self–confident behaviour was observed in four different social situations: (i) self–introduction to a group; (ii) an ostracism experience; (iii) an interview about the ostracism experience; and (iv) an interview about one's personal life. In general, appearing self–confident to unknown others was independently predicted by ESE and ISE. The indirect measures of self–esteem were, as expected, not correlated, and only the self–esteem APTs—but not the self–esteem IAT or the NLT—predicted self–confident behaviours. It is important to note that in particular the predictive power of the self–esteem EB–APT pertained to all four criteria and was incremental to the ESE measures. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem?

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. de Jong ◽  
B. E. Sportel ◽  
E. de Hullu ◽  
M. H. Nauta
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Evaluative Processes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

BackgroundSocial anxiety and depression often co-occur. As low self-esteem has been identified as a risk factor for both types of symptoms, it may help to explain their co-morbidity. Current dual process models of psychopathology differentiate between explicit and implicit self-esteem. Explicit self-esteem would reflect deliberate self-evaluative processes whereas implicit self-esteem would reflect simple associations in memory. Previous research suggests that low explicit self-esteem is involved in both social anxiety and depression whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety. We tested whether the association between symptoms of social phobia and depression can indeed be explained by low explicit self-esteem, whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety.MethodAdolescents during the first stage of secondary education (n=1806) completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) to measure symptoms of social anxiety and depression, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to index explicit self-esteem and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-esteem.ResultsThere was a strong association between symptoms of depression and social anxiety that could be largely explained by participants' explicit self-esteem. Only for girls did implicit self-esteem and the interaction between implicit and explicit self-esteem show small cumulative predictive validity for social anxiety, indicating that the association between low implicit self-esteem and social anxiety was most evident for girls with relatively low explicit self-esteem. Implicit self-esteem showed no significant predictive validity for depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe findings support the view that both shared and differential self-evaluative processes are involved in depression and social anxiety.

Convergence of Direct, Indirect, and Objective Risk-Taking Measures in Gambling

2010 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike X. R. Dislich ◽  
Axel Zinkernagel ◽  
Tuulia M. Ortner ◽  
Manfred Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Based on dual-process models, we assumed that risk taking depends on implicit and explicit risk attitudes and risk propensity. Specifically, we predicted that the convergence between these indicators would depend on the impulsiveness versus reflectiveness of risk behavior. Two objective personality tests (OPTs) of risk taking that measure risk behavior in standardized situations were employed. We predicted that the impulsive OPT would depend more on implicit risk dispositions. The reverse effect pattern was expected for the reflective OPT. Next, we expected that self-control would amplify the weight of explicit dispositions and attenuate that of implicit dispositions. At Time 1, two direct questionnaire measures of explicit risk proneness, three indirect measures of implicit risk proneness, and a self-control measure were administered. At Time 2, participants participated in a reflective and an impulsive gambling OPT. The assumed pattern of effects was obtained. We conclude with a discussion of future research avenues.

Mixed Evidence for Name Priming Effects as a Measure of Implicit Self-Esteem: A Conceptual Replication of Krause Et Al. (2012)

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-607
Author(s):  
Adrian Jusepeitis ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Online Data Collection ◽  
Affective Priming Task

Krause et al. (2012) demonstrated that evaluative responses elicited by self-related primes in an affective priming task have incremental validity over explicit self-esteem in predicting self-serving biases in performance estimations and expectations in an anagram task. We conducted a conceptual replication of their experiment in which we added a behavioral and an affective outcome and presented names instead of faces as self-related primes. A heterogeneous sample (N = 96) was recruited for an online data collection. Name primes produced significantly positive and reliable priming effects, which correlated with explicit self-esteem. However, neither these priming effects nor explicit self-esteem predicted the cognitive, affective, or behavioral outcomes. Despite the lack of predictive validity of the implicit measure for affective and behavioral outcomes, the positive and reliable priming effects produced by name primes warrant the further investigation of the validity of the affective priming paradigm as a measure of implicit self-esteem.

Beïnvloedt de NIX18-campagne impliciete en expliciete cognities van volwassenen?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Müller ◽  
Cis Thijssen
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Reactance ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Alcohol Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Cognitions ◽  
Affective Priming Task

Does the NIX18-campaign influence implicit and explicit cognitions in adults? Research has shown that often, the effectiveness of anti-alcohol mass media campaigns is not experimentally tested, meaning that it is unclear whether such campaigns are successful in altering alcohol-related cognitions. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether the Dutch NIX18-campaign is successful in influencing implicit associations (measured with an affective priming task) and explicit cognitions (i.e., alcohol outcome expectancies) concerning alcohol. Additionally, a possible relationship with negative evaluations of the campaign and psychological reactance was investigated. Participants implicit and explicit cognitions were measured before they were presented with either three NIX18-campaign movies or no movies (control condition). Subsequently, their implicit and explicit cognitions were measured again. Results show that whether participants watched the movies or not had no influence on implicit associations but increased alcohol outcome expectancies. No effect on evaluation and reactance was found. Possible theoretical and practical explanations are discussed.

scholarly journals Are explicit and implicit affective attitudes toward different body shape categories related to the own body-satisfaction in young women? The role of mindfulness, self-compassion and social media activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Jansen ◽  
Franziska Anna Schroter ◽  
Philipp Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Body Image Satisfaction ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affective Attitudes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Affective Priming Task

AbstractImplicit and explicit attitudes influence our behavior. Accordingly, it was the main goal of the paper to investigate if those attitudes are related to body image satisfaction. 134 young women between 18 and 34 years completed an explicit affective rating and an implicit affective priming task with pictures of women with different BMIs. Because it is well known that mindfulness, self-compassion and social media activity influence body image satisfaction, these variables were registered as well. The results confirmed an explicit positive affective bias toward pictures of slim women and a negative bias toward emaciated and obese body pictures. It adds to the literature that the explicit positive bias does not hold true for the strongest form of underweight, suggesting that instead of dividing different body shapes into two groups, different gradings of under- and overweight should be considered. Concerning the affective priming task, no significant differences between the different pictures could be carved out. Implicit and explicit affective attitudes were not related to the body satisfaction of the participating women. In line with former studies, body satisfaction was predicted by the actual-ideal weight discrepancy, the BMI, aspects of mindfulness and self-compassion. This study indicates that implicit and explicit affective attitudes toward underweight and overweight women are unrelated to the participants’ body satisfaction.

scholarly journals Exercise Might Be Good for Me, But I Don’t Feel Good About It: Do Automatic Associations Predict Exercise Behavior?

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Bluemke ◽  
Ralf Brand ◽  
Geoffrey Schweizer ◽  
Daniela Kahlert
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Exercise Psychology ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Dual Process Models ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Ordinal Regression Model ◽  
Sport And Exercise

Models employed in exercise psychology highlight the role of reflective processes for explaining behavior change. However, as discussed in social cognition literature, information-processing models also consider automatic processes (dual-process models). To examine the relevance of automatic processing in exercise psychology, we used a priming task to assess the automatic evaluations of exercise stimuli in physically active sport and exercise majors (n = 32), physically active nonsport majors (n = 31), and inactive students (n = 31). Results showed that physically active students responded faster to positive words after exercise primes, whereas inactive students responded more rapidly to negative words. Priming task reaction times were successfully used to predict reported amounts of exercise in an ordinal regression model. Findings were obtained only with experiential items reflecting negative and positive consequences of exercise. The results illustrate the potential importance of dual-process models in exercise psychology.

Evidence for Attenuated Affective Processing in Obesity

2008 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Wegener ◽  
Astrid Wawrzyniak ◽  
Katrin Imbierowicz ◽  
Rupert Conrad ◽  
Jochen Musch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Weight Loss Program ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Affective Priming Task

Attenuated affective processing is hypothesized to play a role in the development and maintenance of obesity. Using an affective priming task measuring automatic affective processing of verbal stimuli, a group of 30 obese participants in a weight-loss program at the Psychosomatic University Clinic Bonn ( M age = 48.3, SD = 10.7) was compared with a group of 25 participants of normal weight ( M age = 43.6, SD= 12.5). A smaller affective priming effect was observed for participants with obesity, indicating less pronounced reactions to valenced adjectives. The generally reduced affective processing in obese participants was discussed as a possible factor in the etiology of obesity. Individuals who generally show less pronounced affective reactions to a given stimulus may also react with less negative affect when confronted with weight gain or less positive affect when weight is lost. Consequently, they could be expected to be less motivated to stop overeating or to engage in dieting and will have a higher risk of becoming or staying obese.

Reliability of Implicit Self–Esteem Measures Revisited

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Krause ◽  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Boris Egloff ◽  
Stefan C. Schmukle
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Response Window ◽  
Scoring Algorithm ◽  
Affective Priming Task ◽  
Reliability Coefficients

This study investigated the internal consistencies and temporal stabilities of different implicit self–esteem measures. Participants ( N = 101) responded twice—with a time lag of 4 weeks—to five different tasks: the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT), the Affective Priming Task (APT), the Identification–Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (ID–EAST) and the Name–Letter Task (NLT). As expected, the highest reliability coefficients were obtained for the self–esteem IAT. Importantly, the internal consistencies and the temporal stabilities of the APT, the ID–EAST, and the NLT were substantially improved by using material, structural, and analytic innovations. In particular, the use of the adaptive response–window procedure for the APT, the computation of error scores for the ID–EAST, and the computation of a double corrected scoring algorithm for the NLT yielded reliability coefficients comparable to those of the established IAT. Implications for the indirect assessment of self–esteem are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Unconscious Unease and Self-Handicapping: Behavioral Consequences of Individual Differences in Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah R. Spalding ◽  
Curtis D. Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Behavioral Consequences ◽  
Interview Performance ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

In contrast to measures of explicit self-esteem, which assess introspectively accessible self-evaluations, measures of implicit self-esteem assess the valence of unconscious, introspectively inaccessible associations to the self. This experiment is the first to document a relationship between individual differences in implicit self-esteem and social behavior: Participants completed either a self-relevant or a self-irrelevant interview, and were then rated by the interviewer on their anxiety. When the interview was self-relevant, apparent anxiety was greater for participants low in implicit self-esteem than for participants high in self-esteem; implicit self-esteem did not predict anxiety when the interview was self-irrelevant. Explicit self-esteem did not predict apparent anxiety in either interview, but did predict participants' explicit self-judgments of anxiety. Self-handicapping about interview performance was greater for participants low in both explicit and implicit self-esteem than for those high in these measures. The experiment provides direct evidence that effects of implicit and explicit self-esteem may be dissociated.

scholarly journals Implicit affectivity in clinically depressed patients during acute illness and recovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Suslow ◽  
Charlott Maria Bodenschatz ◽  
Anette Kersting ◽  
Markus Quirin ◽  
Vivien Günther
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Implicit Affect ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract Background Clinical depression is characterized by high levels of negative affect (NA) and attenuated positive affect (PA). Psychological and pharmacological treatments have been shown to reduce NA and to enhance PA in depressed patients. Following dual-process models, two types of affect can be distinguished: explicit (or self-reported) affect, which is formed by conscious reflections, and implicit affect, which relates to automatic affective reactions. The present study was conducted to examine, for the first time, both implicit and explicit affectivity in patients suffering from acute depression. Moreover, changes in patients’ implicit and explicit affectivity were investigated over the course of inpatient treatment. Methods Thirty-nine patients suffering from major depression and 39 healthy individuals participated in the study. Implicit affectivity was assessed using the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test. The explicit state and trait affectivity were measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. The level of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory. Tests were administered to patients after admission and after 7 weeks of therapy, whereas healthy controls were investigated only once. We examined whether either comorbidity or antidepressant medication has an effect on affectivity. Results Patients with acute depression had lower implicit and explicit PA scores and higher implicit and explicit NA scores than the healthy controls. After treatment, patients’ level of depression decreased significantly. At posttreatment, patients exhibited heightened implicit and explicit PA and diminished explicit trait NA. Independent of antidepressant medication and comorbidity, no significant change in implicit NA was observed over the course of treatment. Implicit NA was correlated with explicit NA in acute depression but not during recovery. Conclusions Acute depression appears to be characterized by decreased implicit and explicit PA and increased implicit and explicit NA. After 7 weeks of treatment, depressed patients’ implicit and explicit PA increased, and explicit trait NA decreased. No decrease in implicit NA and explicit state NA occurred over the course of treatment. Finally, it seems that in the state of acute depression, the interplay between the automatic and reflective systems could be increased for negative affectivity.

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