scholarly journals Implicit affectivity in clinically depressed patients during acute illness and recovery

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Suslow ◽  
Charlott Maria Bodenschatz ◽  
Anette Kersting ◽  
Markus Quirin ◽  
Vivien Günther
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Implicit Affect ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract Background Clinical depression is characterized by high levels of negative affect (NA) and attenuated positive affect (PA). Psychological and pharmacological treatments have been shown to reduce NA and to enhance PA in depressed patients. Following dual-process models, two types of affect can be distinguished: explicit (or self-reported) affect, which is formed by conscious reflections, and implicit affect, which relates to automatic affective reactions. The present study was conducted to examine, for the first time, both implicit and explicit affectivity in patients suffering from acute depression. Moreover, changes in patients’ implicit and explicit affectivity were investigated over the course of inpatient treatment. Methods Thirty-nine patients suffering from major depression and 39 healthy individuals participated in the study. Implicit affectivity was assessed using the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test. The explicit state and trait affectivity were measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. The level of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory. Tests were administered to patients after admission and after 7 weeks of therapy, whereas healthy controls were investigated only once. We examined whether either comorbidity or antidepressant medication has an effect on affectivity. Results Patients with acute depression had lower implicit and explicit PA scores and higher implicit and explicit NA scores than the healthy controls. After treatment, patients’ level of depression decreased significantly. At posttreatment, patients exhibited heightened implicit and explicit PA and diminished explicit trait NA. Independent of antidepressant medication and comorbidity, no significant change in implicit NA was observed over the course of treatment. Implicit NA was correlated with explicit NA in acute depression but not during recovery. Conclusions Acute depression appears to be characterized by decreased implicit and explicit PA and increased implicit and explicit NA. After 7 weeks of treatment, depressed patients’ implicit and explicit PA increased, and explicit trait NA decreased. No decrease in implicit NA and explicit state NA occurred over the course of treatment. Finally, it seems that in the state of acute depression, the interplay between the automatic and reflective systems could be increased for negative affectivity.

Length of Caregiving and Well-Being among Older Widowers: Implications for the Dual Process Model of Bereavement

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia E. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Time Since Death ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Dual Process Model ◽  
Significant Patterns ◽  
Family Contact

The intent of this study was to examine if length of caregiving was associated with older widowers' adjustment to bereavement and to identify factors, based on principles underlying the Dual Process Model of Bereavement, that might mitigate the potential adverse effects of time spent caring. Two-hundred men over the age of 60 and in the second year of bereavement were identified from death records of older women who had died within a 12-month period. Interviews lasted about 2 hours and focused on widowers' experiences surrounding their wives' deaths along with questions about social support, health, retirement, and other demographic information. The Bradburn Affect Scale was used to measure positive and negative affect. Restoration-oriented coping, such as starting new relationships and activities were measured. These variables included extent of family contact, number of friends, having a confidante, involvement with neighbors, and participation in sports and clubs. Time since death and demographic variables were used as controls. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted on positive and negative affect after which potentially moderating effects were analyzed. Results indicated that the most important influences on negative affect were time since death, ethnicity, and participation in clubs while for positive affect the most significant factors included length of caregiving, number of friends, and having a confidante. Although no interaction effects were significant, patterns emerged. Implications for applying the DPM with older bereaved men are made.

scholarly journals Biosignals to Detect the Imbalance of Explicit and Implicit Affect in Dementia: A Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 457-463
Author(s):  
Doug Hyun Han ◽  
Hyuk Ga ◽  
Sun Mi Kim ◽  
Soyoung Kim ◽  
Joon Seok Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Fast Wave ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Implicit Affect ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Background: We assessed implicit and explicit emotion in older patients with dementia using biosignals. Methods: Fifty patients with dementia and 34 healthy individuals watched 3 videos that aimed to elicit various emotional responses. Electroencephalogram and heart rate variability were recorded. Results: Patients with dementia experienced less fun and more fear than controls. The high frequency (HF) from the baseline in response to funny stimulation as well as HF from neutral to fear stimulation in the dementia group increased further than in the control group. The slow wave (SW)–fast wave (FW) ratio from neutral to funny stimulation in the control group increased further than in the dementia group. The SW-FW from neutral to fear stimulation was further decreased in the dementia group than in the control group. Conclusions: Although patients with dementia were more sensitive to implicit affect, they showed more enhanced imbalance between positive and negative affect in explicit affect assessment.

Outcome in depression (I): why symptomatic remission is not good enough

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Koen Demyttenaere ◽  
Glenn Kiekens ◽  
Ronny Bruffaerts ◽  
Philippe Mortier ◽  
Philip Gorwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Hedonic Tone ◽  
Overall Functioning

Abstract Background. The Leuven Affect and Pleasure Scale (LAPS) is a depression outcome measure aiming to better reflect patient treatment expectations. We investigated the evolution of the LAPS and some comparator scales during antidepressant treatment and compared scores of remitters with scores of healthy controls. Methods. A total of 109 outpatients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) major depressive disorder were assessed over 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment. At baseline and after 2, 4, and 8 weeks, the LAPS as well as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), the Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) were administered. Healthy controls consisted of 38 Italian adults and 111 Belgian students. Results. Correlations between baseline positive and negative affect were only moderate (R between −0.20 and −0.41). LAPS positive affect and hedonic tone showed higher correlations with LAPS cognitive functioning, overall functioning, meaningfulness of life, and happiness than HAMD scores or PANAS negative affect. HAMD remission was associated with normal levels of LAPS negative affect but with significantly lower levels of LAPS positive affect, hedonic tone, cognitive functioning, overall functioning, meaningfulness of life, and happiness. The scores on the latter subscales only reached healthy control scores when the HAMD approached a score of 0 or 1. Conclusions. The standard definition of remission (HAMD cutoff of 7) is probably adequate for remitting negative mood, but not good enough for recovering positive mood, hedonic tone, functioning, or meaningfulness of life.

Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem?

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. de Jong ◽  
B. E. Sportel ◽  
E. de Hullu ◽  
M. H. Nauta
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Evaluative Processes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

BackgroundSocial anxiety and depression often co-occur. As low self-esteem has been identified as a risk factor for both types of symptoms, it may help to explain their co-morbidity. Current dual process models of psychopathology differentiate between explicit and implicit self-esteem. Explicit self-esteem would reflect deliberate self-evaluative processes whereas implicit self-esteem would reflect simple associations in memory. Previous research suggests that low explicit self-esteem is involved in both social anxiety and depression whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety. We tested whether the association between symptoms of social phobia and depression can indeed be explained by low explicit self-esteem, whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety.MethodAdolescents during the first stage of secondary education (n=1806) completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) to measure symptoms of social anxiety and depression, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to index explicit self-esteem and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-esteem.ResultsThere was a strong association between symptoms of depression and social anxiety that could be largely explained by participants' explicit self-esteem. Only for girls did implicit self-esteem and the interaction between implicit and explicit self-esteem show small cumulative predictive validity for social anxiety, indicating that the association between low implicit self-esteem and social anxiety was most evident for girls with relatively low explicit self-esteem. Implicit self-esteem showed no significant predictive validity for depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe findings support the view that both shared and differential self-evaluative processes are involved in depression and social anxiety.

Convergence of Direct, Indirect, and Objective Risk-Taking Measures in Gambling

2010 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike X. R. Dislich ◽  
Axel Zinkernagel ◽  
Tuulia M. Ortner ◽  
Manfred Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Based on dual-process models, we assumed that risk taking depends on implicit and explicit risk attitudes and risk propensity. Specifically, we predicted that the convergence between these indicators would depend on the impulsiveness versus reflectiveness of risk behavior. Two objective personality tests (OPTs) of risk taking that measure risk behavior in standardized situations were employed. We predicted that the impulsive OPT would depend more on implicit risk dispositions. The reverse effect pattern was expected for the reflective OPT. Next, we expected that self-control would amplify the weight of explicit dispositions and attenuate that of implicit dispositions. At Time 1, two direct questionnaire measures of explicit risk proneness, three indirect measures of implicit risk proneness, and a self-control measure were administered. At Time 2, participants participated in a reflective and an impulsive gambling OPT. The assumed pattern of effects was obtained. We conclude with a discussion of future research avenues.

Implicit and Explicit Knowledge Decay at Different Rates: A Dissociation Between Priming and Recognition in Artificial Grammar Learning

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Tunney
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Knowledge Decay ◽  
Finite State ◽  
The Common ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
State Grammar

Abstract. An experiment tested the common assumption that implicit and explicit knowledge are forgotten at different rates. In a training phase participants responded to sequences of letters generated by a finite-state grammar by pressing corresponding letters on a keyboard. A control group responded to randomized sequences. Participants were tested immediately following training and after intervals of seven and fourteen days. During each test participants responded to the letters of old and new sequences, and performed a concurrent recognition test. Priming was indexed by the time taken to respond to the sequences. In the immediate test both priming and recognition were substantially greater than the control group. In the delayed tests the level of priming remained unchanged but recognition had declined. The data indicate that priming and recognition decay at different rates, and are discussed with reference to both single and dual process models of memory.

scholarly journals Existential Threat: Uncovering Implicit Affect in Response to Terror Reminders in Soldiers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Quirin ◽  
Farhood Malekzad ◽  
Miguel Kazén ◽  
Udo Luckey ◽  
Hugo Kehr
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Terrorist Threat ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Hard Time ◽  
Implicit Affect ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Self Reports

Psychological science has a hard time assessing affective processes of the individuals that they may not recognize or do not like to report on. Here, the authors used the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT; Quirin et al., 2009) to investigate whether reminders of an existential threat induce unpleasant implicit affect in soldiers waiting for their deployment to a country with high levels of terrorist threat, Afghanistan. As expected, relative to reminding participants of a television evening, implicit negative affect was higher and implicit positive affect was lower after reminding participants of terror acts performed in different cities. No significant effects were found in self-reports of negative or positive affect. Our findings suggest that reminders of existential threat can elicit implicit negative affect that individuals may not report on explicitly and thus, validate the IPANAT as an easily applicable measure in emotional contexts.

Predicting Self–Confident Behaviour with Implicit and Explicit Self–Esteem Measures

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 648-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Krause ◽  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Boris Egloff ◽  
Stefan C. Schmukle
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Affective Priming Task

The present research compared the validity of popular direct and indirect measures of self–esteem in predicting self–confident behaviour in different social situations. In line with behavioural dual–process models, both implicit and explicit self–esteem were hypothesized to be related to appearing self–confident to unacquainted others. A total of 127 participants responded to the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Self–Esteem Scale, and an adjective scale for measuring explicit self–esteem (ESE). Participants‘ implicit self–esteem (ISE) was assessed with four indirect measures: the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the name–letter task (NLT), and two variants of an affective priming task, the reaction–time affective priming task (RT–APT) and the error–based affective priming task (EB–APT). Self–confident behaviour was observed in four different social situations: (i) self–introduction to a group; (ii) an ostracism experience; (iii) an interview about the ostracism experience; and (iv) an interview about one's personal life. In general, appearing self–confident to unknown others was independently predicted by ESE and ISE. The indirect measures of self–esteem were, as expected, not correlated, and only the self–esteem APTs—but not the self–esteem IAT or the NLT—predicted self–confident behaviours. It is important to note that in particular the predictive power of the self–esteem EB–APT pertained to all four criteria and was incremental to the ESE measures. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

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