Personality and depression: A multilevel perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 401-412
Author(s):  
P. Joop Heltema
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Multilevel Approach ◽  
Multilevel Perspective ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Different Levels

In personality psychology, depression is currently studied from different, largely unrelated, perspectives. This paper argues that our understanding of complex phenomena such as depression may benefit from a multilevel approach, ordering and connecting the findings obtained at different levels of inquiry. Not only can findings at a particular level be explained in terms of the lower levels, but this approach can also provide a framework for integration. Depression is examined at different levels, including genes, neurology, biochemistry, physiology, learning, social behaviour, and traits. Several interlevel connections are indicated. The findings are discussed in the context of self‐regulation as a general framework.

Phylogenetic pattern and the quantification of organismal biodiversity

1994 ◽  
Vol 345 (1311) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Option Value ◽  
Alternative Definition ◽  
Phylogenetic Pattern ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Proper Consideration

Biodiversity can be explored at a number of different levels and in principle may be separately quantified at each. Phylogenetic pattern has the potential to quantify and estimate biodiversity at the finest scale, that is, variation among species in features or attributes. This scale is an important one for conservation, as it should form the basis for prioritizing conservation efforts at the species level. Further, recent published objections to differentially weighting species are answered by defining option value at this feature-level. Unfortunately, there has been no consensus on exactly how phylogeny can be used to value species, possibly because proper consideration of the link between pattern and underlying features generally has been unresolved. ‘Phylogenetic diversity’ (PD) represents just one of several approaches that do consider diversity at the feature-level explicitly. These alternative approaches are discussed in the context of a general framework for using pattern to quantify diversity at a level below that of the original objects. The pattern framework highlights that estimation of biodiversity at a lower level using pattern will require decisions about the nature of the units of diversity, the kind of pattern to be used, the model relating unit items to pattern, and finally how this implies a pattern-based measure reflecting biodiversity. An alternative published model for relating features to a particular form of phylogenetic pattern is considered, and shown to make unwarranted assumptions. A possible alternative definition of the underlying units of diversity is examined, which may represent a different form of option value, also quantifiable using phylogeny. A possible alternative pattern to a phylogenetic tree for the prediction of feature diversity is also discussed. The appeal of these alternative approaches depends on the goals of conservation; in addition, justification for prioritizing or weighting requires that any practical approach avoid arbitrary, unwarranted, assumptions.

scholarly journals Doing despite Disliking: Self–Regulatory Strategies in Everyday Aversive Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Hennecke ◽  
Thomas Czikmantori ◽  
Veronika Brandstätter
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
Self Reports

We investigated the self–regulatory strategies people spontaneously use in their everyday lives to regulate their persistence during aversive activities. In pilot studies (pooled N = 794), we identified self–regulatory strategies from self–reports and generated hypotheses about individual differences in trait self–control predicting their use. Next, deploying ambulatory assessment ( N = 264, 1940 reports of aversive/challenging activities), we investigated predictors of the strategies’ self–reported use and effectiveness (trait self–control and demand types). The popularity of strategies varied across demands. In addition, people higher in trait self–control were more likely to focus on the positive consequences of a given activity, set goals, and use emotion regulation. Focusing on positive consequences, focusing on negative consequences (of not performing the activity), thinking of the near finish, and emotion regulation increased perceived self–regulatory success across demands, whereas distracting oneself from the aversive activity decreased it. None of these strategies, however, accounted for the beneficial effects of trait self–control on perceived self–regulatory success. Hence, trait self–control and strategy use appear to represent separate routes to good self–regulation. By considering trait– and process–approaches these findings promote a more comprehensive understanding of self–regulatory success and failure during people's daily attempts to regulate their persistence. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Self-Regulation in Performing Handstand

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Sagrario del Valle ◽  
Esther Cabanillas ◽  
María del Carmen Carpio
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

The aim of this research is to analyse the different representational levels reached both by elite/non-elite gymnastics with different levels of experience when performing a specific motor task (handstand). We will be focusing specifically on how these representations become more explicit and conscious as the development process takes place. These increasing levels of awareness will allow the subjects of our study to have greater control over their actions. The relationship between awareness and motor learning is a question that has not drawn much attention so far, but it is essential from both, a theoretical and a practical point of view. Indeed, our interest in this issue springs out not only from psychological concerns but also from our connection with teaching and learning of Sport.

scholarly journals A general framework for straightforward model construction of multi-component thermodynamic equilibrium systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick H. J. Geertjes ◽  
Pim J. de Vink ◽  
Tim Wezeman ◽  
Albert J. Markvoort ◽  
Luc Brunsveld
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Reversible Reactions ◽  
General Derivation ◽  
Derivation Method ◽  
Complex Phenomena

Mathematical modelling of molecular systems helps elucidating complex phenomena in (bio)chemistry. However, equilibrium conditions in systems consisting of more than two components can typically not be analytically determined without assumptions and resulting (semi-)numerical models are not trivial to derive by the non-expert. Here we present a framework for equilibrium models that utilizes a general derivation method capable of generating custom models for complex molecular systems, based on the simple, reversible reactions describing these systems. Several molecular systems are revisited via the framework and demonstrate the simplicity, the generality and validity of the approach. The ease of use of the framework and the ability to both analyze systems and gain additional insights in the underlying parameters strongly aids the analysis and understanding of molecular equilibrium systems. This conceptual framework severely reduces the time and expertise requirements which currently impede the broad integration of these highly valuable models into chemical research.

Technologies of Oral Interaction in Teaching a Second Language as Foreign

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamo Chilingaryan ◽  
Ekaterina Zvereva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Interactive Approach ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Oral Interaction ◽  
Different Levels

<p>The technology of interactive learning is one of personality-oriented technologies which provide self-determination and self-regulation of the student as a language personality. These technologies are based on using various methodological strategies and techniques for modelling situations to solve communicative problems jointly. </p> <p>The urgency of the problem is the fact that modern methods of a foreign language teaching have been switching from a communicative approach to an interactive approach. The latter is focused on a broader interaction of students both with the teacher and each other. The task is teaching to use the language through the interaction of people with different levels of language command and cognitive activity by overcoming the "cognitive conflict". </p><br>

Knowledge Age Standards

2000 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yesha Y. Sivan
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Industrial Age ◽  
Process And Outcome ◽  
Knowledge Age ◽  
Different Levels

The diverse uses of “standards” define the goal of this work, namely, to develop a general framework of standards and to reflect on the process and outcome of the development of the framework. My intention is to devise a theoretical framework that may be translated into practice at some future point. The principle outcome is a framework of standards that includes five dimensions: Level, Purpose, Effect, Sponsor, and Stage, each of which contains five categories that together define the dimension. The dimensions show: • how standards can be produced and used by entities from different Levels (individual, organizational, associational, national, and multinational); • how they can have one or more Purposes (simplification, communication, harmonization, protection, and valuation); • how they can cause diverse Effects (constructive, positive, unknown, negative, and destructive); • how they can be developed by different Sponsors (devoid, nonsponsored, unisponsored, multisponsored, and mandated); and • how they can be in different Stages (missing, emerging, existing, declining, and dying). In presenting the framework, the chapter also touches on the roles of standards in the industrial age, their potential roles in the knowledge age, and the current turmoil in the standards community. It includes reflections on designing and judging the framework.

Multilevel Perspectives on Urban Health

Urban Health ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 230-238
Author(s):  
Dustin T. Duncan ◽  
Yazan A. Al-Ajlouni ◽  
Ilgaz Hisirci ◽  
Basile Chaix
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Health ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Interpersonal Interactions ◽  
Multilevel Approach ◽  
Core Questions ◽  
Different Levels

The production of health in cities is driven by a range of features of the urban environment, including characteristics of interpersonal interactions, of neighborhoods, and of entire cities themselves as well as citywide policies. This rests directly on multilevel causal frameworks that aim to understand how forces at different levels of influence and produce health. This approach, now firmly embedded in many quantitative social sciences, provides a conceptual and analytical framework through which we can understand the production of health in cities. This chapter introduces a multilevel approach and its attendant methods to the end of understanding core questions in urban health.

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