Towards a dry‐mass conserving hydrostatic global spectral dynamical core in a general moist atmosphere

Abstract A multiscale dynamical model for weather forecasting and climate modeling is developed and evaluated in this study. It extends a previously established layer-averaged, unstructured-mesh nonhydrostatic dynamical core (dycore) to moist dynamics and parameterized physics in a dry-mass vertical coordinate. The dycore and tracer transport components are coupled in a mass-consistent manner, with the dycore providing time-averaged horizontal mass fluxes to passive transport, and tracer transport feeding back to the dycore with updated moisture constraints. The vertical mass flux in the tracer transport is obtained by reevaluating the mass continuity equation to ensure compatibility. A general physics–dynamics coupling workflow is established, and a dycore–tracer–physics splitting strategy is designed to couple these components in a flexible and efficient manner. In this context, two major physics–dynamics coupling strategies are examined. Simple-physics packages from the 2016 Dynamical Core Model Intercomparison Project (DCMIP2016) experimental protocols are used to facilitate the investigation of the model behaviors in idealized moist-physics configurations, including cloud-scale modeling, weather forecasting, and climate modeling, and in a real-world test-case setup. Performance evaluation demonstrates that the model is able to produce reasonable sensitivity and variability at various spatiotemporal scales. The consideration and implications of different physics–dynamics coupling options are discussed within this context. The appendix provides discussion on the energetics in the continuous- and discrete-form equations of motion.

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STEM measurement of subcellular water distributions

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100148678 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 568-569

Author(s):

R.D. Leapman ◽

S.Q. Sun ◽

S-L. Shi ◽

R.A. Buchanan ◽

S.B. Andrews

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Internal Standard ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Dark Field ◽

Bulk Water ◽

Inelastic Electron ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Annular Dark Field

Recent advances in rapid-freezing and cryosectioning techniques coupled with use of the quantitative signals available in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) can provide us with new methods for determining the water distributions of subcellular compartments. The water content is an important physiological quantity that reflects how fluid and electrolytes are regulated in the cell; it is also required to convert dry weight concentrations of ions obtained from x-ray microanalysis into the more relevant molar ionic concentrations. Here we compare the information about water concentrations from both elastic (annular dark-field) and inelastic (electron energy loss) scattering measurements.In order to utilize the elastic signal it is first necessary to increase contrast by removing the water from the cryosection. After dehydration the tissue can be digitally imaged under low-dose conditions, in the same way that STEM mass mapping of macromolecules is performed. The resulting pixel intensities are then converted into dry mass fractions by using an internal standard, e.g., the mean intensity of the whole image may be taken as representative of the bulk water content of the tissue.

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Dry chip feedrate control using online chip moisture

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj17.05.295 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (05) ◽

pp. 295-305

Author(s):

Wesley Gilbert ◽

Ivan Trush ◽

Bruce Allison ◽

Randy Reimer ◽

Howard Mason

Keyword(s):

Production Rate ◽

Control Strategy ◽

Rate Control ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Dry Mass ◽

The Other ◽

Process Variability ◽

Moisture Sensor ◽

Feedback Control Strategy ◽

And Control

Normal practice in continuous digester operation is to set the production rate through the chip meter speed. This speed is seldom, if ever, adjusted except to change production, and most of the other digester inputs are ratioed to it. The inherent assumption is that constant chip meter speed equates to constant dry mass flow of chips. This is seldom, if ever, true. As a result, the actual production rate, effective alkali (EA)-to-wood and liquor-to-wood ratios may vary substantially from assumed values. This increases process variability and decreases profits. In this report, a new continuous digester production rate control strategy is developed that addresses this shortcoming. A new noncontacting near infrared–based chip moisture sensor is combined with the existing weightometer signal to estimate the actual dry chip mass feedrate entering the digester. The estimated feedrate is then used to implement a novel feedback control strategy that adjusts the chip meter speed to maintain the dry chip feedrate at the target value. The report details the results of applying the new measurements and control strategy to a dual vessel continuous digester.

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A NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF DRY MASS AND THE ASH CONTENT IN HYPERFUNCTIONING PARATHYROID TISSUE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0190072 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 72-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. Engfeldt ◽

S.-O. Hjertquist

Keyword(s):

Parathyroid Tissue ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Ash Content

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Optimum harvest date of maize for biogas and silage purposes

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.57.2009.2.3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 119-125

Author(s):

G. Hadi

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Matter Content ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Vegetative Organs

The dry matter and moisture contents of the aboveground vegetative organs and kernels of four maize hybrids were studied in Martonvásár at five harvest dates, with four replications per hybrid. The dry matter yield per hectare of the kernels and other plant organs were investigated in order to obtain data on the optimum date of harvest for the purposes of biogas and silage production.It was found that the dry mass of the aboveground vegetative organs, both individually and in total, did not increase after silking. During the last third of the ripening period, however, a significant reduction in the dry matter content was sometimes observed as a function of the length of the vegetation period. The data suggest that, with the exception of extreme weather conditions or an extremely long vegetation period, the maximum dry matter yield could be expected to range from 22–42%, depending on the vegetation period of the variety. The harvest date should be chosen to give a kernel moisture content of above 35% for biogas production and below 35% for silage production. In this phenophase most varieties mature when the stalks are still green, so it is unlikely that transport costs can be reduced by waiting for the vegetative mass to dry.

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NITROGEN NUTRITION OF CITRUS NURSERY STOCK IN PINE BARK SUBSTRATES.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1161f ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1161f-1161

Author(s):

John D. Lea-Cox ◽

Irwin E. Smith

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Solution ◽

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Growing Period ◽

Rough Lemon ◽

Nursery Stock ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Cleopatra Mandarin ◽

Nutrient Solutions

Pine bark is utilized as a substrate in citrus nurseries in South Africa. The Nitrogen (N) content of pine bark is inherently low, and due to the volubility of N, must be supplied on a continual basis to ensure optimum growth rates of young citrus nursery stock. Three citrus rootstock (rough lemon, carrizo citrange and cleopatra mandarin) showed no difference in stem diameter or total dry mass (TDM) when supplied N at concentrations between 25 and 200 mg ·l-1 N in the nutrient solution over a 12 month growing period. Free leaf arginine increased when N was supplied at 400 mg·l-1 N. The form of N affected the growth of rough lemon. High NH4-N:NO3-N (75:25) ratios decreased TDM when Sulfur (S) was absent from the nutrient solution, but not if S was present. Free arginine increased in leaves at high NH4-N (No S) ratios, but not at high NH4-N (S supplied) ratios. Free leaf arginine was correlated with free leaf ammonia. These results have important implications for reducing the concentration of N in nutrient solutions used in citrus nurseries and may indicate that higher NH4-N ratios can be used when adequate S is also supplied.

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Evaluation of Zeolite-based Soilless Root Media for Potted Chrysanthemum Production

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.465e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 465e-465

Author(s):

Janet L. Carlino ◽

Kimberly A. Williams ◽

Earl R. Allen

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Nutrient Leaching ◽

Fresh Mass ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Control Medium ◽

Fertilizer Rate ◽

Innovative Technologies ◽

Root Media ◽

Soluble Fertilizer

Chrysanthemum growth and nutrient leaching of three clinoptilolite-based root media, which were formulated and provided by Boulder Innovative Technologies, Inc. and ZeoponiX, Inc., were compared to the performance of control plants grown in Sunshine Mix #2 (3 peat: 1 perlite, v/v). The control received 210 mg·L–1 N from an 18N–4P–15K soluble fertilizer at each irrigation. The experimental zeolite-based medium NZ, which contained untreated zeolite and received the same soluble fertilizer as the control, leached lower concentrations of NH4-N, K, and PO4-P for most of the production cycle compared to the control. Medium EZ1 was formulated to provide N, P, and K as fertilizer nutrients and produced plants similar to the control based on ratings, height, width, and dry mass, but not fresh mass, at harvest when the fertilizer rate was half of that applied to the control, 105 mg·L–1 N. Medium EZ2, which did not receive P or K from soluble fertilizer, produced plants similar to the control based on rating, height, and dry mass, but not width or fresh mass, with soluble fertilizer input reduced to only N. Tissue N, P, and K concentrations of plants grown in media EZ1 and EZ2 were lower than those of control plants. With further refinements, these zeolite-based products show promise for decreasing nutrient leaching during crop production and allowing for application of lower rates of soluble fertilizers.

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Phosphorus Fertilization in Ebb and Flow Production of Bedding Plants

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.523b ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 523b-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erin James ◽

Marc van Iersel

Keyword(s):

Dry Mass ◽

Plant Production ◽

Phosphorus Fertilization ◽

Time Interval ◽

Nutrient Runoff ◽

Growing Period ◽

Bedding Plants ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Bedding Plant ◽

Ebb And Flow

The quantity and quality of available water in the Southeastern United States continues to decline as demands on limited resources increase. Growers will soon be forced to comply with legal limitations on water consumption and limits on nutrient runoff from their operations. A lack of information on standard growing practices using alternative irrigation systems such as ebb and flow is hindering their acceptance and implementation. We are currently conducting a series of experiments to establish basic growing guidelines for the use of ebb and flow in the greenhouse in bedding plant production. In the third of these experiments, Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. `Blue Frost' and Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch. `Ambassador Scarlet' were grown for 5 weeks on ebb and flow tables with fertigation solutions (225 ppm N) containing three different levels of phosphorus (0, 50, and 100 ppm). Three soilless media were also used, which varied in their percentage content of vermiculite, perlite, pine bark and coconut coir. For both the begonias and petunias dry mass of the shoot was greatest in plants grown with higher levels of phosphorus. In comparison to plants grown with 0 ppm phosphorous, petunias and begonias grown with 50 or 100 ppm P were 44% and 25% greater in mass, respectively. However, begonias had 38% more flowers when fertigated with the higher levels of phosphorous while petunias flowered earlier with 0 ppm P fertigation solution. The electrical conductivity of the media did not change significantly over the course of the growing period, but the pH dropped by an average of 1 over the same time interval.

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