WILD GARLIC (Allium vineale); WILD MUSTARD (Brassica kaber)Garlic (Allium vineale); Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber)

Catchweed bedstraw and wild mustard each produce two populations per year: a winter population (WP) in June, and a summer population (SP) in September. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the WP and SP differ in seed mass and seasonal germination. Seeds of both weeds were buried at 0, 5, 10, and 20 cm in cultivated fields, and retrieved at monthly intervals for 24 mo for germination tests in the laboratory. Additionally, seedling emergence from seeds buried at 0, 5, and 10 cm in the field was evaluated for 1 yr. Seeds from the WP were heavier than those from the SP for both species. Germination of exhumed seeds was affected by burial depth and by seed population. It was highest for seeds that remained on the soil surface and declined with increasing depth of burial. The WP of catchweed bedstraw produced two germination peaks per year, whereas the SP and all populations of wild mustard had only one peak. The WP of both weeds germinated earlier than the SP. Seedling emergence for both species in the field was greater for the WP than for the SP. Increasing soil depth reduced seedling emergence of both the WP and SP of wild mustard and affected only the WP of catchweed bedstraw. We conclude that the WP and SP of catchweed bedstraw and wild mustard seeds used in this study differed in seed mass, seasonal germination, and seedling emergence. The ability of a WP to produce large seeds that germinate early and have two germination peaks per year could make these populations a serious problem in cropping systems.

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Controlling Broadleaf Weeds in Soybeans by Bentazon in Minnesota

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500036730 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 136-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Robert N. Andersen ◽

William E. Lueschen ◽

Dennis D. Warnes ◽

Wallace W. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Field Studies ◽

Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Low Area ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Polygonum Pensylvanicum ◽

Brassica Kaber ◽

Over The Top

In field studies, bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] was applied as postemergence sprays over the top of weeds and soybeans[Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Bentazon at 0.84 to 1.68 kg/ha applied as an early postemergence treatment controlled wild mustard[Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler], common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), Pennsylvania smartweed, (Polygonum pensylvanicumL.), common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), and wild common sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.). Pigweeds (Amaranthussp.) were controlled by applications in the three true-leaf stage but became more resistant at later stages. Control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) was erratic. The optimum time for controlling weeds with bentazon was around the first trifoliolate stage of soybeans. Rainfall within several hours after treatment reduced weed control. Eight yield studies, two of which included eight cultivars, were conducted on weed-free soybeans. In none were yields reduced significantly by bentazon at 3.36 kg/ha (the highest rate studied). Eight yield studies were conducted on soybeans infested with common cocklebur or velvetleaf. Weed control was generally excellent with 0.84 kg/ha of bentazon. Where infestations were sufficient to reduce yields, bentazon treatments increased the yields to levels generally comparable with those of the handweeded checks. One exception was an application of bentazon to soybeans growing in a low area that was periodically flooded by heavy rains. In that experiment the benefit of controlling common cocklebur was offset by bentazon injury to the soybeans, and yields from the treated plots were about the same as those of the weedy check.

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Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500094856 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 871-878 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Daniel J. Debreuil ◽

Lyle F. Friesen ◽

Ian N. Morrison

Keyword(s):

Selection Pressure ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Recommended Dosage ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Phenoxy Herbicide ◽

High Selection ◽

Brassica Kaber ◽

Very High

The growth and seed return of auxin herbicide resistant (R) wild mustard was compared to that of a susceptible (S) biotype in wheat in the field. In the absence of herbicide, the S biotype accumulated shoot dry matter more quickly than the R biotype throughout most of the growing season. However, in only one of the two years did the S biotype set substantially more seed than the R biotype (3120 versus 2520 seeds plant−1). The recommended dosage of 2,4-D for wild mustard control (420 g ai ha−1) killed all S plants in both years of the study, and severely inhibited growth and seed return of R plants. Shoot dry matter accumulation and seed return of treated R plants were reduced 75 to 90% compared to the untreated control. However, at a density of 20 plants m−2R seed return was still very high; 9000 and 5700 seeds m−2in 1992 and 1993, respectively. The recommended dosage of dicamba (300 g ha−1) did not inhibit the growth and seed return of either S or R wild mustard to the same extent as 2,4-D. Dicamba at 300 g ha−1reduced S shoot dry matter and seed return 80 to 90%, while R shoot dry matter and seed return was reduced 60 to 65%. The results of this study indicate a very high selection pressure for R wild mustard at recommended dosages of 2,4-D. Despite a high selection pressure, and considering the long history of phenoxy herbicide usage on the Prairies, the relatively rare occurrence of phenoxy herbicide resistant weeds implies that the frequency of resistant individuals is very low. From a mathematical model it was determined that the frequency of R wild mustard in an unselected population may be in the order of 10−30.

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Influence of Rainfall on the Phytotoxicity of Foliarly Applied 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500062111 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 349-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Richard Behrens ◽

M. A. Elakkad

Keyword(s):

Chenopodium Album ◽

Field Studies ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Time Interval ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Response Level ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽

Brassica Kaber

To study rainfall effects, simulated rainfall was applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L. C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L. C. Wheeler], soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hodgson’], and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) in greenhouse and field studies following foliar applications of the alkanolamine (AKA) salt or the butoxyethanol (BE) ester of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at rates that induced equivalent levels of phytotoxicity. Simulated rainfall less than 1 min after herbicide treatment reduced the phytotoxicity of the AKA salt of 2,4-D to a much greater extent than that of the BE ester with effects ranging from elimination of all injury from the AKA salt to soybeans to no reduction in phytotoxicity of the BE ester to common lambsquarters. The quantity of simulated rainfall required to induce maximum reductions in phytotoxicity of the BE ester ranged from 1 mm on common lambsquarters to 15 mm on velvetleaf. The time interval from 2,4-D treatment until rainfall required to achieve a phytotoxic response level of 80% of that attained without rainfall varied greatly among plant species and herbicide formulations; ranging from less than 1 min for the BE ester on common lambsquarters to more than 24 h for the AKA salt on velvetleaf. The addition of an alkylarylpolyoxyethylene glycol surfactant to 2,4-D spray solutions reduced herbicide rates required to induce equivalent levels of phytotoxicity, increased losses in phytotoxicity of the BE ester caused by rainfall, and reduced the time interval from treatment to rainfall required to attain an equivalent level of phytotoxicity with the AKA salt.

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Basis for Interactions of Ethofumesate1and Desmedipham on Sugarbeets and Weeds

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500063074 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 619-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Y. Eshel ◽

R.L. Zimdahl ◽

E.E. Schweizer

Keyword(s):

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Avena Fatua ◽

Synergistic Interaction ◽

Wild Oat ◽

Weed Species ◽

Synergistic Interactions ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Weed Growth ◽

Spray Volume ◽

Brassica Kaber

A synergistic interaction occurred when sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Mono-Hy Al’) were treated with mixtures of ethofumesate (2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulphonate) and desmedipham [ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate (ester)]. Depending on the stage of weed growth synergistic interactions were also observed on two weed species: wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler ‘pinnatifida’ (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] and wild oat (Avena fatuaL.). Desmedipham penetrated the foliage more slowly than did ethofumesate. The rate of desmedipham penetration was positively correlated with the concentration of its formulants (solvents and adjuvants) in the spraying emulsion, and to a lesser extent with the formulants of ethofumesate. Increasing the spray volume also increased desmedipham penetration. None of these factors affected penetration by ethofumesate.14C-labeled ethofumesate and desmedipham did not translocate out of treated leaves regardless of the concentration of formulants or active ingredients. These data suggest that the synergistic interaction is mainly due to the increased penetration by desmedipham when applied with ethofumesate.

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Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) Resistance to Ethametsulfuron But Not to Other Herbicides

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00040902 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 847-850 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

G. Mark Jeffers ◽

John T. O'Donovan ◽

Linda M. Hall

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Initial Frequency ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Resistant Population ◽

Imidazolinone Herbicides ◽

Brassica Kaber ◽

Very High

In 1993, a wild mustard population growing in a canola crop near Wetaskiwin, AB was poorly controlled by ethametsulfuron after only one previous use of the herbicide. Controlled environment experiments were conducted to compare the response of this suspected resistant population (R) with that of a known susceptible population (S) collected near Vegreville, AB to increasing rates of ethametsulfuron, metsulfuron, chlorsulfuron, thifensulfuron, HOE 075032, imazamethabenz, imazethapyr, metribuzin, and 2,4-D. The R wild mustard population was highly resistant to ethametsulfuron, slightly resistant to low rates of metsulfuron but not resistant to any of the other herbicides tested. This suggests that the mechanism of resistance may differ from that reported for other sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Since resistance was documented after only 2 yr of ethametsulfuron use, the initial frequency of resistance to this herbicide in wild mustard populations may be very high. Dry weight of untreated plants did not differ significantly between the S and R populations suggesting little or no differences in competitiveness between them.

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SELECTIVITY OF BENAZOLIN IN CRUCIFERAE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps73-171 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 891-896 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. A. SALAM ◽

R. K. DOWNEY

Keyword(s):

Raphanus Sativus ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Parent Species ◽

Species Response ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Relative Response ◽

Differential Species ◽

Raphanus Sativus L ◽

Brassica Kaber ◽

Ylacetic Acid

The relative response of some economically important Cruciferae genera and species to benazolin (4-chloro-2-oxobenzothiazolin-3-ylacetic acid) was evaluated under field conditions and related to their phylogeny. Of the species examined only wild mustard (Brassica kaber (DC) L. C. Wheeler) showed almost complete susceptibility to benazolin at the 0.56 and 0.84 kg/ha rates of application, although B. nigra (L.) plants were severely damaged. Other related genera and species responded in varying degrees from almost no visible reaction in B. hirta Moench, B. napus L., and Crambe spp., through slight symptoms of leaf curl in B. campestris L., to more pronounced effects in B. juncea (L.) Coss, B. carinata Braun, and Raphanus sativus L. The heavier rate of benazolin application resulted in the greatest differentiation among species. The species reaction to benazolin tended to follow the genome relationship, with the amphidiploids B. juncea and B. carinata being intermediate in tolerance between the putative parent species, B. nigra and B. campestris or B. oleracea L. Differential species response suggests that benazolin may be effective for control of B. kaber in crops of B. hirta and Crambe species.

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THE EFFECT OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, GIBBERELLIC ACID AND LIGHT ON SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION OF STINKWEED AND WILD MUSTARD

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps80-091 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 643-649 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A. I. HSIAO

Keyword(s):

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Light Treatment ◽

Thlaspi Arvense ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

High Degree ◽

Brassica Kaber ◽

Mustard Seeds ◽

Seeds Germination ◽

Seed Dormancy And Germination

Light treatment alone is capable of inducing 100% germination of stinkweed seeds (Thlaspi arvense L.), but not of wild mustard seeds (Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler)). On the contrary, gibberellic acid (GA3) alone is able to induce complete germination in wild mustard, but effected only a slight promotion of germination of stinkweed seeds. Germination of both species increased with increasing time of immersion in 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The NaOCl treatment mimics the effect of acid scarification or dissection in making seeds more porous, removing the barriers to gas exchange and GA3 penetration, and increasing sensitivity to light treatment. However, prolonged NaOCl treatment resulted in either poor germination or seed disintegration. Dormancy of a genetically distinct early-flowering strain of stinkweed can be broken only by the combination of NaOCl, GA3 and light, indicating a high degree of variability in germination responses to various sets of conditions.

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Translocation and Metabolism of Benazolin in Wild Mustard and Rape Species

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500031660 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 48-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. E. Schafer ◽

E. H. Stobbe

Keyword(s):

Brassica Campestris ◽

Root Exudation ◽

Turnip Rape ◽

Stem Apex ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Xylem Transport ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Brassica Kaber ◽

Ylacetic Acid ◽

Root Treatment

The fate of 4-chloro-2-oxobenzothiazolin-3-ylacetic acid (benazolin) in wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler], turnip rape (Brassica campestrisL. ‘Echo’), and rape (Brassica napusL. ‘Target’) was investigated with the aid of14C-benazolin. The label was more mobile in wild mustard than the rape species following leaf treatment and accumulated in young leaves, stem, and stem apex. The label was also found in foliage after root treatment. In both cases, the translocated label was primarily that of14C-benazolin, implying phloem and xylem transport. The susceptibility of wild mustard and tolerance of the rape species to foliar-applied benazolin can be partly explained by different rates of transport to susceptible meristematic sites. Root exudation of the label following leaf treatment was greater in wild mustard than in the rape species and was not correlated with selectivity. Labeled benazolin was rapidly metabolized by theBrassicaspecies to four derivatives which appear to be less toxic than benazolin. Specific differences in metabolism were not sufficient to explain selectivity. Negligible amounts of14CO2were released by the three species following treatment with14C-benazolin.

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