One Degree of Separation

This study aimed to investigate how three groups of people of differing ages, and with differing knowledge of the species, perceived the emotional state of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) managed in captive and semi-captive environments. Fifteen video-clips of 18 elephants, observed during three different daily routines (release from and return to the night boma; interactions with visitors), were used for a free choice profiling assessment (FCP) and then analyzed with quantitative methods. A general Procrustes analysis identified two main descriptive dimensions of elephant behavioral expression explaining 27% and 19% of the variability in the children group, 19% and 23.7% in adults, and 21.8% and 17% in the expert group. All the descriptors the observers came up with showed a low level of correlation on the identified dimensions. All three observers’ groups showed a degree of separation between captive and semi-captive management. Spearman analyses showed that stereotypic “trunk swirling” behavior correlated negatively with first dimension (free/friendly versus sad/bored) in the children’s group; second dimension (agitated/confident versus angry/bored) amongst the adults; and first dimension (active/excited versus agitated/bored) amongst the experts. More studies are needed to investigate other potential differences in assessing elephants’ emotional states by visitors of different ages and backgrounds.

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Diversity and Diet Differences of Small Mammals in Commensal Habitats

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13080346 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 346

Author(s):

Linas Balčiauskas ◽

Laima Balčiauskienė ◽

Andrius Garbaras ◽

Vitalijus Stirkė

Keyword(s):

Small Mammals ◽

Small Mammal ◽

Trophic Ecology ◽

Mammal Species ◽

Additional Food ◽

Δ13c And Δ15n ◽

Degree Of Separation ◽

Kitchen Gardens ◽

Dietary Plasticity ◽

The Stability

The stability of diversity of syntopic (inhabiting the same habitat in the same time) small mammals in commensal habitats, such as farmsteads and kitchen gardens, and, as a proxy of their diet, their isotopic niches, was investigated in Lithuania in 2019–2020. We tested whether the separation of species corresponds to the trophic guilds, whether their diets are related to possibilities of getting additional food from humans, and whether their diets are subject to seasonal trends. We analyzed diversity, dominance and distribution of hair δ13C and δ15N values. Diversity and dominance was not stable and differed according to human influence. The highest small mammal species richness occurred in commensal habitats that provided additional food. The degree of separation of species was higher in homestead habitats than in kitchen gardens, where a 1.27 to 35.97% overlap of isotopic niches was observed between pairs of species. Temporal changes in δ13C and δ15N values in the hair of the mammals were not equally expressed in different species. The isotopic overlap may depend on dietary plasticity, minimizing interspecific competition and allowing co-existence of syntopic species. Thus, small mammal trophic ecology is likely related to intensity of agricultural activities in the limited space of commensal habitats.

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Molecular Diversity and Genetic Relatedness of Candida albicans Isolates from Birds in Hungary

Mycopathologia ◽

10.1007/s11046-021-00527-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 186 (2) ◽

pp. 237-244

Author(s):

M. Domán ◽

L. Makrai ◽

Gy. Lengyel ◽

R. Kovács ◽

L. Majoros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Molecular Diversity ◽

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Group Method ◽

Pair Group ◽

Degree Of Separation ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Species Specific ◽

Sequence Types ◽

Unweighted Pair Group Method

AbstractThe molecular epidemiology of Candida albicans infections in animals has been rarely studied. In this study, multilocus sequence typing was used to characterise the genetic diversity and population structure of 24 avian origin C. albicans isolates collected from different birds with candidiasis and compared to human isolates. Fourteen diploid sequence types (DSTs) including six new DSTs were determined. Cluster analysis revealed that isolates grouped into 8 clades. Bird isolates mainly belonged to minor clades and Clade 15 with DST 172 was the most common (11 isolates; 45.8%). The remaining isolates were clustered into Clade 7 (5 isolates; 20.8%), Clade 10 (4 isolates; 16.6%), Clade 8 (2 isolates; 8.3%), Clade 4 (1 isolate; 4.2%) and Clade 16 (1 isolate; 4.2%). Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and eBURST analyses showed that the genetic construction of avian origin C. albicans population is fairly diverse. Although species-specific lineages were not found, some degree of separation in the evolution of bird and human strains could be observed.

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Indirect associations in learning semantic and syntactic lexical relationships

10.31234/osf.io/ytnjp ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

M. Alex Kelly ◽

David Reitter ◽

Robert West ◽

Moojan Ghafurian

Keyword(s):

Computational Models ◽

Human Memory ◽

Learning Support ◽

Distributional Semantics ◽

Grammatical Structure ◽

Word Associations ◽

Part Of Speech ◽

Degree Of Separation ◽

Mechanisms Of Memory

Computational models of distributional semantics (a.k.a. word embeddings) represent a word's meaning in terms of its relationships with all other words. We examine what grammatical information is encoded in distributional models and investigate the role of indirect associations. Distributional models are sensitive to associations between words at one degree of separation, such as 'tiger' and 'stripes', or two degrees of separation, such as 'soar' and 'fly'. By recursively adding higher levels of representations to a computational, holographic model of semantic memory, we construct a distributional model sensitive to associations between words at arbitrary degrees of separation. We find that word associations at four degrees of separation increase the similarity assigned by the model to English words that share part-of-speech or syntactic type. Word associations at four degrees of separation also improve the ability of the model to construct grammatical English sentences. Our model proposes that human memory uses indirect associations to learn part-of-speech and that the basic associative mechanisms of memory and learning support knowledge of both semantics and grammatical structure.

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GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF TERPENES: PART III. THE USE OF OLEIC ACID ESTERS AS LIQUID PHASES

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v61-151 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 1190-1199 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

E. von Rudloff

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Retention Data ◽

Geometrical Isomers ◽

Potassium Oleate ◽

Liquid Phases ◽

Degree Of Separation ◽

Poly Ethylene

The separation of several cyclic terpene hydrocarbons and some oxygenated derivatives was studied on a variety of triglyceride and dioleate ester columns. Use of rapeseed oil, partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil, olive oil, triolein, tristearin, methyl oleate, and potassium oleate as liquid phases led to the conclusion that the presence of an esterified mono-unsaturated long-chain acid is a desirable constituent of the liquid phase. Dioleate esters of 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol showed useful differences in the degree of separation of both terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. Ether linkages, as in the di- and poly-ethylene glycol ester, also were associated with favorable separations. When the liquid phase contained free hydroxyl groups, the degree of separation of hydrocarbons and ketones was in general less favorable. The spacing of the ester groups was found to have some effect on retention data. The separation of such critical pairs of isomers as tricyclene and α-pinene, α-fenchene and camphene, and also geometrical isomers of oxygenated derivatives is facilitated by use of several of these liquid phases.

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Effect of Degree of Separation of Visual-Auditory Stimulus and Eye Position upon Spatial Interaction of Vision and Audition

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1976.43.2.487 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 487-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Robert I. Bermant ◽

Robert B. Welch

Keyword(s):

Auditory Stimulus ◽

Visual Stimulus ◽

Visual Stimulation ◽

Spatial Interaction ◽

Auditory Localization ◽

Eye Position ◽

Degree Of Separation ◽

Straight Ahead ◽

Over Time

Subjects were exposed to a visual and to an auditory stimulus that differed spatially in laterality of origin. The subjects were observed for visual biasing of auditory localization (the momentary influence of a light on the spatially perceived location of a simultaneously presented sound) and for auditory aftereffect (a change in perceived location of a sound that persists over time and is measured after termination of the visual stimulus). A significant effect of visual stimulation on auditory localization was found only with the measure of bias. Bias was tested as a function of degree of visual-auditory separation (10/20/30°), eye position (straight-ahead/visual stimulus fixation), and position of visual stimulus relative to auditory stimulus (left/right). Only eye position proved statistically significant; straight-ahead eye position induced more bias than did fixation of the visual stimulus.

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degree of separation

Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_40889 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 350-350

Keyword(s):

Degree Of Separation

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Spatial Processes

Fishery Ecosystem Dynamics ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198768937.003.0007 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 105-124

Author(s):

Michael J. Fogarty ◽

Jeremy S. Collie

Keyword(s):

Structured Populations ◽

Aquatic Species ◽

Spatial Processes ◽

Dispersal Patterns ◽

Heterogeneous Distribution ◽

Core Habitat ◽

Spatially Explicit Models ◽

Spatially Structured Populations ◽

Degree Of Separation ◽

Realistic Representation

Aquatic populations are patchily distributed. The full implications of this statement for the dynamics of these populations depend very strongly on movement and dispersal patterns. The characteristically heterogeneous distribution of exploited aquatic species is of course essential to harvesting strategies employed by fishers. It can also present important challenges to management when species distributions contract to core habitat areas and these concentrations can be readily located and exploited. The types of models described in this chapter, including metapopulation models, provide an initial framework for considering the dynamics of spatially structured populations. Dispersal can provide a stabilizing force by providing a subsidy or rescue effect for depleted populations. Realistic representation of spatial processes in models of aquatic populations is an evolving art. Quantifying movement and connectivity of aquatic species entails special challenges. Spatially explicit models should account for exchange among subpopulations in relation to their size, distance, and degree of separation.

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“Volcker/Vickers Hybrid”?

Value Relevance of Accounting Information in Capital Markets - Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1900-3.ch017 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 268-276

Author(s):

Marianne Ojo

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Investment Banks ◽

Suitable Model ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Degree Of Separation ◽

Total Separation ◽

Liikanen Report ◽

Fire Wall ◽

Legal Entities

Whilst some valid and justified arguments have been put forward in favor of ring fencing, that is, constructing a fire-wall between consumer and investment banks, and that such activities can be achieved without restructuring banks into separate legal entities, the Liikanen Report highlights why there is need for such re-structuring. As well as considering the merits of ring fencing and the establishment of separate legal activities and entities, this chapter aims to highlight why a suitable model aimed at mitigating risks of contagion can to a large extent, be justified on a cost-benefit analysis basis. Furthermore, the chapter ultimately concludes that even though a greater degree of separation of legal entities and activities persist with the model which is referred to as “total separation”, a certain degree of independence between bank activities would also be necessary under ring fencing if its purposes and objectives are to be fulfilled.

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6. Separation of Powers

Public Law Directions ◽

10.1093/he/9780198807315.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 124-142

Author(s):

Anne Dennett

Keyword(s):

Separation Of Powers ◽

Constitutional Reform ◽

The Other ◽

Degree Of Separation ◽

The Uk

This chapter looks at the separation of powers. The separation of powers is a doctrine requiring that executive, legislative, and judicial powers within a state should be clearly divided and allocated to separate institutions; the aim is to prevent the concentration of power in any one branch and reduce the potential for arbitrary or oppressive exercise of power. Although the degree of separation between the three branches varies between states, codified constitutions will regulate those spheres of power by allocating specific roles and functions to each branch and will allow checks or controls to operate between them to ensure accountability. The separation of powers in the UK is weakest between the legislative and executive, and strongest and most distinct between the judiciary and the other two branches. Indeed, the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 has brought stronger separation between the judiciary and the executive, making the judiciary more autonomous.

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