Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (MATS): A Tool to Estimate Global Coverage for 4CMenB, a Multicomponent Meningococcal B Vaccine

2019 ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Boccadifuoco ◽  
Brunella Brunelli ◽  
Elena Mori ◽  
Mauro Agnusdei ◽  
Claudia Gianfaldoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typing System ◽  
Global Coverage

Empirical Methods in Short-Term Climate Prediction

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huug van den Dool
Keyword(s):  
Climate Prediction ◽  
Empirical Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Ocean Atmosphere Interaction ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Atmosphere Interaction ◽  
Global Data

This clear and accessible text describes the methods underlying short-term climate prediction at time scales of 2 weeks to a year. Although a difficult range to forecast accurately, there have been several important advances in the last ten years, most notably in understanding ocean-atmosphere interaction (El Nino for example), the release of global coverage data sets, and in prediction methods themselves. With an emphasis on the empirical approach, the text covers in detail empirical wave propagation, teleconnections, empirical orthogonal functions, and constructed analogue. It also provides a detailed description of nearly all methods used operationally in long-lead seasonal forecasts, with new examples and illustrations. The challenges of making a real time forecast are discussed, including protocol, format, and perceptions about users. Based where possible on global data sets, illustrations are not limited to the Northern Hemisphere, but include several examples from the Southern Hemisphere.

scholarly journals The Infrared Absolute Radiance Interferometer (ARI) for CLARREO

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1915
Author(s):  
Joe K. Taylor ◽  
Henry E. Revercomb ◽  
Fred A. Best ◽  
David C. Tobin ◽  
P. Jonathan Gero
Keyword(s):  
Brightness Temperature ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Spectral Radiance ◽  
Overall Design ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Global Coverage

The Absolute Radiance Interferometer (ARI) is an infrared spectrometer designed to serve as an on-orbit radiometric reference with the ultra-high accuracy (better than 0.1 K 3‑σ or k = 3 brightness temperature at scene brightness temperature) needed to optimize measurement of the long-term changes of Earth’s atmosphere and surface. If flown in an orbit that frequently crosses sun-synchronous orbits, ARI could be used to inter-calibrate the international fleet of infrared (IR) hyperspectral sounders to similar measurement accuracy, thereby establishing an observing system capable of achieving sampling biases on high-information-content spectral radiance products that are also < 0.1 K 3‑σ. It has been shown that such a climate observing system with <0.1 K 2‑σ overall accuracy would make it possible to realize times to detect subtle trends of temperature and water vapor distributions that closely match those of an ideal system, given the limit set by the natural variability of the atmosphere. This paper presents the ARI sensor's overall design, the new technologies developed to allow on-orbit verification and test of its accuracy, and the laboratory results that demonstrate its capability. In addition, we describe the techniques and uncertainty estimates for transferring ARI accuracy to operational sounders, providing economical global coverage. Societal challenges posed by climate change suggest that a Pathfinder ARI should be deployed as soon as possible.

Trade statistics capacity building beyond borders

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Onno Hoffmeister ◽  
Barbara D’Andrea Adrian ◽  
Mark Assaf ◽  
Nour Barnat ◽  
Dominique Chantrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Building ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Satisfaction Rates

We report on five years of capacity building designed to improve the skills of producers and users of international trade statistics all over the world, with a particular focus on developing countries. This training programme is a joint activity between UNCTAD, UNSD and WTO, based on an innovative (Blended Learning) approach, combining e-learning and face-to-face workshops. It is adapted to local needs, uses the pool of experts working at international organisations, and ensures continuous review and enhancement of the applied methods and tools. The results reviewed in this paper confirm that the program has reached the target population. Furthermore, it has global coverage and is gender-balanced. During the five years since the programme has begun, participation in the courses has increased considerably; success rates have risen from 72% to 79% and satisfaction rates from 77% to 88%. Plans for the future include delivering training in additional languages, increasing interactivity, and adding new components addressing specific training needs.

A novel 13‐plex STR typing system for individual identification and parentage testing of donkeys ( Equus asinus )

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Dang ◽  
S. Shang ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
Y. Yu ◽  
D. M. Irwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Identification ◽  
Str Typing ◽  
Parentage Testing ◽  
Equus Asinus ◽  
Typing System

scholarly journals GlobSim (v1.0): deriving meteorological time series for point locations from multiple global reanalyses

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4661-4679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Cao ◽  
Xiaojing Quan ◽  
Nicholas Brown ◽  
Emilie Stewart-Jones ◽  
Stephan Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Ensemble Simulations ◽  
Driving Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Uncertain Input

Abstract. Simulations of land-surface processes and phenomena often require driving time series of meteorological variables. Corresponding observations, however, are unavailable in most locations, even more so, when considering the duration, continuity and data quality required. Atmospheric reanalyses provide global coverage of relevant meteorological variables, but their use is largely restricted to grid-based studies. This is because technical challenges limit the ease with which reanalysis data can be applied to models at the site scale. We present the software toolkit GlobSim, which automates the downloading, interpolation and scaling of different reanalyses – currently ERA5, ERA-Interim, JRA-55 and MERRA-2 – to produce meteorological time series for user-defined point locations. The resulting data have consistent structure and units to efficiently support ensemble simulation. The utility of GlobSim is demonstrated using an application in permafrost research. We perform ensemble simulations of ground-surface temperature for 10 terrain types in a remote tundra area in northern Canada and compare the results with observations. Simulation results reproduced seasonal cycles and variation between terrain types well, demonstrating that GlobSim can support efficient land-surface simulations. Ensemble means often yielded better accuracy than individual simulations and ensemble ranges additionally provide indications of uncertainty arising from uncertain input. By improving the usability of reanalyses for research requiring time series of climate variables for point locations, GlobSim can enable a wide range of simulation studies and model evaluations that previously were impeded by technical hurdles in obtaining suitable data.

scholarly journals Validation of SCIAMACHY limb NO<sub>2</sub> profiles using solar occultation measurements

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4753-4800
Author(s):  
R. Bauer ◽  
A. Rozanov ◽  
C. A. McLinden ◽  
L. L. Gordley ◽  
W. Lotz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
Solar Occultation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Scanning Imaging ◽  
Diurnal Effect ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Balloon Measurements

Abstract. The increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen in the stratosphere necessitates accurate global measurements of stratospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Over the past decade, the SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) instrument on ENVISAT (European Environmental Satellite) has been providing global coverage of stratospheric NO2 every 6 days, which is otherwise difficult to achieve with other systems (e.g. balloon measurements, solar occultation). In this study, the vertical distributions of NO2 retrieved from limb measurements of the scattered solar light from the SCIAMACHY instrument are validated using NO2 products from three different satellite instruments (SAGE II, HALOE and ACE-FTS). The retrieval approach, as well as the sensitivity of the SCIAMACHY NO2 limb data product are discussed, and the photochemical corrections needed to make this validation feasible, as well as the chosen collocation criteria are described. For each instrument, a time period of two years is analyzed with several hundreds of collocation pairs for each year and instrument. The agreement between SCIAMACHY and each instrument is found to be better than 10 % between 22–24 km and 40 km. Additionally, NO2 amounts in three different latitude regions are validated individually, with considerably better agreements in high and middle latitudes compared to tropics. Differences with SAGE II and ACE-FTS below 20 km are consistent with those expected from the diurnal effect.

scholarly journals Three years of the Lightning Imaging Sensor onboard the International Space Station: Expanded Global Coverage and Enhanced Applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J Lang ◽  
Richard Blakeslee ◽  
William J. Koshak ◽  
Dennis E. Buechler ◽  
Patrick Gatlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
International Space ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Imaging Sensor

Get HyP3! SAR processing for everyone

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Kennedy ◽  
Krik Hogenson ◽  
Andrew Johnston ◽  
Heidi Kristenson ◽  
Alex Lewandowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Processing Pipeline ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Sar Data ◽  
New Processing ◽  
Interferometric Sar ◽  
Sar Processing ◽  
Detection Processing

&lt;p&gt;Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), with its capability of imaging day or night, ability to penetrate dense cloud cover, and suitability for interferometry, is a robust dataset for event/change monitoring. SAR data can be used to inform decision makers dealing with natural and anthropogenic hazards such as floods, earthquakes, deforestation and glacier movement. However, SAR data has only recently become freely available with global coverage, and requires complex processing with specialized software to generate analysis-ready datasets. Furthermore, processing SAR is often resource-intensive, in terms of computing power and memory, and the sheer volume of data available for processing can be overwhelming. For example, ESA's Sentinel-1 has produced ~10PB of data since launch in 2014. Even subsetting the data to a small scientific area of interest can result in many thousands of scenes, which must be processed into an analysis-ready format.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF) Hybrid Pluggable Processing Pipeline (HyP3), which is now out of beta and available to the public, provides custom, on-demand processing of Sentinel-1 SAR data at no cost to users. HyP3 is integrated directly into Vertex, ASF's primary data discovery tool, so users can easily select an area of interest on the Earth, find available SAR products, and click a button to send them (individually, or as a batch) to HyP3 for Radiometric Terrain Correction (RTC), Interferometric SAR (InSAR), or Change Detection processing. Processing leverages AWS cloud computing and is done in parallel for rapid product generation. Each process provides options to customize the processing and final output products, and provides metadata-rich, analysis-ready final products to users.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the Vertex user interface, HyP3 provides a RESTful API and a python software developers kit (SDK) to allow programmatic access and the ability to build HyP3 into user workflows. HyP3 is open source and designed to allow users to develop new processing plugins or stand up their own custom processing pipeline.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We will present an overview of using HyP3, both inside Vertex and programmatically, and the available output products. We will demonstrate using HyP3 to investigate the consequences of natural hazards and very briefly discuss the technologies and software design principles used in the development of HyP3 and how users could contribute new plugins, or stand up their own custom processing pipeline.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (MATS)-Based Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Coverage Prediction for the MenB-4C Vaccine in the United States

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gowrisankar Rajam ◽  
Maria Stella ◽  
Ellie Kim ◽  
Simon Paulos ◽  
Giuseppe Boccadifuoco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
The United States ◽  
Factor H ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Typing System

ABSTRACT The meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based system that assesses the levels of expression and immune reactivity of the three recombinant MenB-4C antigens and, in conjunction with PorA variable 2 (VR2) sequencing, provides an estimate of the susceptibility of NmB isolates to killing by MenB-4C-induced antibodies. MATS assays or similar antigen phenotype analyses assume importance under conditions in which analyses of vaccine coverage predictions are not feasible with existing strategies, including large efficacy trials or functional antibody screening of an exhaustive strain panel. MATS screening of a panel of NmB U.S. isolates (n = 442) predicts high MenB-4C vaccine coverage in the United States. Neisseria meningitidis is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults worldwide. A 4-component vaccine against N. meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) disease (MenB-4C [Bexsero]; GSK) combining factor H binding protein (fHBP), neisserial heparin binding protein (NHBA), neisserial adhesin A (NadA), and PorA-containing outer membrane vesicles was recently approved for use in the United States and other countries worldwide. Because the public health impact of MenB-4C in the United States is unclear, we used the meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) to assess the strain coverage in a panel of strains representative of serogroup B (NmB) disease in the United States. MATS data correlate with killing in the human complement serum bactericidal assay (hSBA) and predict the susceptibility of NmB strains to killing in the hSBA, the accepted correlate of protection for MenB-4C vaccine. A panel of 442 NmB United States clinical isolates (collected in 2000 to 2008) whose data were down weighted with respect to the Oregon outbreak was selected from the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs; CDC, Atlanta, GA) laboratory. MATS results examined to determine strain coverage were linked to multilocus sequence typing and antigen sequence data. MATS predicted that 91% (95% confidence interval [CI95], 72% to 96%) of the NmB strains causing disease in the United States would be covered by the MenB-4C vaccine, with the estimated coverage ranging from 88% to 97% by year with no detectable temporal trend. More than half of the covered strains could be targeted by two or more antigens. NHBA conferred coverage to 83% (CI95, 45% to 93%) of the strains, followed by factor H-binding protein (fHbp), which conferred coverage to 53% (CI95, 46% to 57%); PorA, which conferred coverage to 5.9%; and NadA, which conferred coverage to 2.5% (CI95, 1.1% to 5.2%). Two major clonal complexes (CC32 and CC41/44) had 99% strain coverage. The most frequent MATS phenotypes (39%) were fHbp and NHBA double positives. MATS predicts over 90% MenB-4C strain coverage in the United States, and the prediction is stable in time and consistent among bacterial genotypes. IMPORTANCE The meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based system that assesses the levels of expression and immune reactivity of the three recombinant MenB-4C antigens and, in conjunction with PorA variable 2 (VR2) sequencing, provides an estimate of the susceptibility of NmB isolates to killing by MenB-4C-induced antibodies. MATS assays or similar antigen phenotype analyses assume importance under conditions in which analyses of vaccine coverage predictions are not feasible with existing strategies, including large efficacy trials or functional antibody screening of an exhaustive strain panel. MATS screening of a panel of NmB U.S. isolates (n = 442) predicts high MenB-4C vaccine coverage in the United States.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document