Regulation of Genome Editing in Plant Biotechnology: European Union

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-238
Author(s):  
Brigitte Voigt ◽  
Ansgar Münichsdorfer
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Plant Biotechnology

scholarly journals Whole-genome sequencing reveals rare off-target mutations in CRISPR/Cas9-edited grapevine

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianhang Wang ◽  
Mingxing Tu ◽  
Ya Wang ◽  
Wuchen Yin ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Indel Mutation ◽  
Target Sites

AbstractThe CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system is a powerful tool for targeted genome editing, with applications that include plant biotechnology and functional genomics research. However, the specificity of Cas9 targeting is poorly investigated in many plant species, including fruit trees. To assess the off-target mutation rate in grapevine (Vitis vinifera), we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of seven Cas9-edited grapevine plants in which one of two genes was targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 and three wild-type (WT) plants. In total, we identified between 202,008 and 272,397 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and between 26,391 and 55,414 insertions/deletions (indels) in the seven Cas9-edited grapevine plants compared with the three WT plants. Subsequently, 3272 potential off-target sites were selected for further analysis. Only one off-target indel mutation was identified from the WGS data and validated by Sanger sequencing. In addition, we found 243 newly generated off-target sites caused by genetic variants between the Thompson Seedless cultivar and the grape reference genome (PN40024) but no true off-target mutations. In conclusion, we observed high specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing of grapevine.

Plant genome editing in the European Union—to be or not to be—a GMO

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorben Sprink ◽  
Janina Metje ◽  
Joachim Schiemann ◽  
Frank Hartung
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
The European Union

scholarly journals Biotechnology: Challenge for the food industry

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stevan Popov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Active Role ◽  
World Market ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
European Federation ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
The World

According to the broadest definition, biotechnology is the use of living matter (plants, animals and microorganisms) in industry, environment protection, medicine and agriculture. Biotechnology takes a key position in the field of food processing during thousands of years. Last about fifty years brought dynamical development of knowledges in the natural sciences especially in domain of genetics and manipulation of genes. Biotechnology for which active role in the on-coming times could be foreseen, not only with respect of R&D, but also in general technological development represents scope of priority in the USA and in European Union (EU) as well. It is accepted that the results achieved in biotechnology oversize scientific domain and find their entrance into economics, legislation, quality of life and even of politics. Corresponding with the definition of biotechnology as "the integration of natural sciences and engineering in the application of microorganisms, cells, their components and molecular analogues in production (General assembly of the European federation for Biotechnology, 1989) European Commission (1999) adopted the biotechnological taxonomy, i.e. fields and sub-fields of biotechnology. R&D activities in this domain are oriented to eight fields and branched through them. Fields of biotechnology (EC, 1999) are: 1) Plant biotechnology (agricultural cultivars, trees, bushes etc); 2) Animal biotechnology; 3) Biotechnology in environment protection; 4) Industrial biotechnology (food, feed, paper, textile, pharmaceutical and chemical productions); 5) Industrial biotechnology (production of cells and research of cells - producers of food and of other commodities); 6) Development of humane and veterinarian diagnostics (therapeutical systems) 7) Development of the basic biotechnology, and 8) Nontechnical domains of biotechnology. In concordance with some judgments, in the World exist about 4000 biotechnological companies. World market of biotechnological products is increasing at the rate of some 30 percents per year, and in the year of 2000 amounted to about 140 billions of US$. Owing to this, biotechnology became one of the most intensive industries in the world. American biotechnological industry spent even in the year of 1998 about US$ 10 millions for R&D activities. European Union included the development of biotechnology into its R&D programs and projects somewhere during eighties of the last century.

scholarly journals Current achievements in modifying crop genes using CRISPR/Cas system

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Korotkova ◽  
S. V. Gerasimova ◽  
E. K. Khlestkina
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Product Function ◽  
One Year ◽  
Genome Modifications ◽  
Crop Genome ◽  
Huge Variety ◽  
Gene Product Function

With the advent of the new genome editing tool of target-specifically customizable endonucleases, a huge variety of novel opportunities have become feasible. The crop improvement is one of the main applications of genome editing in plant science and plant biotechnology. The amount of publications referring to genome editing and CRISPR/Cas system based molecular tools application in crops is permanently growing. The aim of this study is the systematization and cataloging of these data. Earlier we published the first catalog of targeted crop genome modifications as of February 10, 2017. The current review is an update of the catalog; it covers research papers on crop genome modifications from February 10, 2017 to August 17, 2018, found by searching 47 crop names in the Scopus database. Over one year and a half, 377 articles mentioning CRISPR/Cas and crop names have been published, of which 131 articles describe an experimental application of this tool for editing 193 genes in 19 crops, including rice with the largest number of genes modified (109 genes). Editing 50 of 193 genes was aimed at crop improvement. The catalog presented here includes these 50 genes, specifying the cultivars, each gene and gene product function, modification type and delivery method used. The current full list of genes modified with CRISPR/Cas with the aim of crop improvement is 81 in 16 crops (for 5 years from August 2013 to August 2018). In this paper, we also summarize data on different modifications types in different crops and provide a brief review of some novel methods and approaches that have appeared in crop genome editing research over the reviewed period. Taken together, these data provide a clear view on current progress in crop genome modifications and traits improvement using CRISPR/Cas based genome editing technology.

scholarly journals Maize Transformation: From Plant Material to the Release of Genetically Modified and Edited Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Erika de Carvalho Teixeira Yassitepe ◽  
Viviane Cristina Heinzen da Silva ◽  
José Hernandes-Lopes ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Dante ◽  
Isabel Rodrigues Gerhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Current Status ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Genetically Modified Maize ◽  
Maize Transformation ◽  
Maize Varieties

Over the past decades, advances in plant biotechnology have allowed the development of genetically modified maize varieties that have significantly impacted agricultural management and improved the grain yield worldwide. To date, genetically modified varieties represent 30% of the world’s maize cultivated area and incorporate traits such as herbicide, insect and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, high yield, and improved nutritional quality. Maize transformation, which is a prerequisite for genetically modified maize development, is no longer a major bottleneck. Protocols using morphogenic regulators have evolved significantly towards increasing transformation frequency and genotype independence. Emerging technologies using either stable or transient expression and tissue culture-independent methods, such as direct genome editing using RNA-guided endonuclease system as an in vivo desired-target mutator, simultaneous double haploid production and editing/haploid-inducer-mediated genome editing, and pollen transformation, are expected to lead significant progress in maize biotechnology. This review summarises the significant advances in maize transformation protocols, technologies, and applications and discusses the current status, including a pipeline for trait development and regulatory issues related to current and future genetically modified and genetically edited maize varieties.

scholarly journals Genome editing – a technology in time for plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunghwa Choe
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Dna Delivery ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Foreign Dna

A tool for safe and site-specific mutagenesis has long been sought by plant biochemists. The recent emergence of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) genome-editing technology addresses this need. Using this technology, the lettuce genome was recently edited without the use of conventional Agrobacterium-mediated DNA delivery. As this method does not leave a trace of foreign DNA in the plant genome, it promises to advance the field of plant biotechnology for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) without the burden of costly de-regulation processes.

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