Country of Origin and International Contractual Marketing Channels: Evidence from Specific Product–Market Perspectives

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-95
Author(s):  
Giovanna Pegan ◽  
Donata Vianelli ◽  
Patrizia de Luca
Keyword(s):  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Specific Product

Are country-of-origin stereotypes weaker among younger Chinese generations?

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li
Keyword(s):  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Family Communication Patterns ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Domestic Products ◽  
General Product ◽  
Better Than

With extensive globalization, the effect of country-of-origin (COO) stereotypes has been continuously questioned by many scholars; a key dispute is whether younger generations still hold COO stereotypes. Some scholars have proved downward trends in developed countries, but there is little evidence in developing countries, such as China. This research employs three studies to investigate through both implicit and explicit measurement whether Chinese born in the 1980s and those born in the 1990s differ in their attitudes toward domestic and imported products in terms of function and image. The results show that the Chinese of the 1980s generation still hold strong COO stereotypes that imported products are better than domestic products for either a general product level or a specific product category. The 1990s generation does not follow suit. This result is explained by the life course theory, which highlights that family communication patterns can influence people’s COO stereotypes. It is highly recommended that marketers consider the different attitudes of China’s 1980s generation and 1990s generation toward imported and domestic products to better communicate the imported or Chinese imprint of the products.

scholarly journals EU Merger Control and Harm to Innovation—A Long Walk to Freedom (from the Chains of Causation)

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Mario Todino ◽  
Geoffroy van de Walle ◽  
Lucia Stoican
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Merger Control ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Eu Merger Control ◽  
Novel Theory

In a string of recent merger decisions, culminating in the Dow/DuPont case, the European Commission has profoundly revisited its traditional analysis of innovation and, ultimately, introduced what some authors have labeled “a novel theory of harm in EU merger policy.” According to this theory, the Commission does not look at harm to innovation on a specific product market in which parties are developing similar pipeline products, but adopts a general assessment of harm to innovation, unrelated to a specific product market and without considering potential anticompetitive effects on this basis. The purpose of this article is to show that over the last few years, the European Commission has been progressively departing from a “traditional” theory of harm in its assessment of mergers affecting innovation. In particular, we argue that the novel theory of harm developed in Dow/DuPont, based on a generic prejudice to innovation, is the landing place of a long journey through which the Commission has progressively altered the analytical framework applicable to traditional cases affecting pipeline products/potential competitors. And while this stance may be inspired by a legitimate policy goal, it brings the Commission on a collision route with the principles of causation and symmetry governing European Union merger control analysis.

Sales Work under Marketization: The Social Relations of the Cash Nexus?

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Korczynski ◽  
Ursula Ott
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Referral Networks ◽  
The Social ◽  
Service Jobs ◽  
Sales Work ◽  
Back Office

In lightly regulated economies many jobs are becoming subject to a process of ‘marketization’ involving an externalization of the employment relationship in the context of intensified product market competition. At the same time, a number of front-line jobs are becoming redefined to encompass more proactive sales aims. This study examines two sites at an intersection of these trends — sites where financial service jobs have been marketized and redefined to revolve around proactive sales activity. It examines the key social relations of the sales workers — relations with managers, immediate colleagues, back-office staff, customers and referrers — in considering how far marketization leads to the social relations of the cash nexus along bare market principles. It is found that one group of workers is enmeshed in a dehumanized, instrumental and antagonistic set of relations, while another, smaller, group of workers is insulated against such relations by the functioning of tight trust-based referral networks. It is concluded that the texture of the social relations of sales work under marketization is centrally influenced by the social constitution of the specific product market in which sales workers act. In addition, it is argued that the process of marketization tends to corrode the factors that support the functioning of tight trust-based networks.

Country of origin effects in international marketing channels

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeong-Joon Moon ◽  
Han-Mo Oh
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
International Marketing ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Foreign Brand ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Foreign Brands

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the country-of-origin (COO) effect on overseas distributors’ behaviour in international marketing channels. Integrating the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the concepts of country-induced biases, the current study develops an empirically testable model that explains and predicts overseas distributors’ behaviour in international marketing channels. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses were tested using primary data stemmed from a survey of channel relationships between exporters and their overseas distributors. Data were collected from 103 distributors in the USA. Findings Empirical evidence shows that attitude towards foreign brands, social valuation of the origin of brands, and perceived behavioural control affect overseas distributors’ intention to place foreign brands. In addition, country-induced bias factors – buyer animosity and country-related affect to the origin of manufacture – are considered to be the antecedents of attitude towards foreign brands. Research limitations/implications Because this study adopted a cross-sectional design, the limitations of this method can be applied to the study. In addition, because of the research context, the results of the present research may lack generalizability. This manuscript, however, integrated the TPB and the concepts of country-induced biases and addressed the calls for research on the COO effects on overseas distributors’ decision in international marketing channels. Practical implications The manuscript suggests that to build positive attitudes towards foreign brands, a firm should focus on promotions through various media in international markets to lower animosity and the perceived risk to the origin of manufacture. In addition, firms with foreign brands need to identify and target a segment that feels comfortable about spending their resources on those brands. Finally, international marketers should focus on creating positive attitudes towards foreign brand goods and proper pricing strategies. Originality/value This manuscript fills the knowledge gap of the COO effect on organizational buyer behaviour in international marketing channels.

scholarly journals Country of origin as a determinant of young Europeans` buying attitudes — marketing implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Bartosik-Purgat
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Buying Decisions

Research background: Country of origin and brand image are among the main factors influencing consumer buying decisions. The phenomenon known as the Country of Origin Effect (COE) refers to the influence of a country’s image on consumer product evaluations and the perception of brands originating from specific countries. The COE describes consumer attitudes towards certain product categories and is connected with the perception of quality of such products manufactured in particular markets. The changing market conditions and proliferation of hybrid products cause certain problems for consumers who find it increasingly difficult to identify the country of origin of specific products and face a dilemma whether a product manufactured in China is of equal quality as a product of the same brand, but manufactured in France. Purpose of the article: The main purpose of the paper is to identify the young Europeans` attitudes towards the country of origin of purchased products. An attempt has been made to answer two research questions: firstly, whether are young Europeans guided by stereotypes associated with the country of origin of specific product categories in their conscious buying decisions? Secondly, do young European consumers attach higher value to a product’s brand than its country of origin? Methods: The analysis has been based on literature studies and empirical data collected in two different period of time 2008 and 2015 among 1362 respondents (in 2008) and 1125 respondents (in 2015) from eight European countries (Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Great Britain). In the exploratory empirical study, the author of the paper used two research methods: PAPI in 2008 (Paper and Pen Personal Interview) and CAWI in 2015 (Computer Assisted Web Interview). Findings & Value added: The study results reveal that in some countries, namely Poland and the Czech Republic, young consumers are guided in their deliberate buying choices by certain mental schematics perpetuated, for example, in the mass media (the best wine comes from France, best watches are made in Switzerland, and superior quality cars originate from Germany). Respondents representing other nationalities showed more support for domestic products. By far, the most ethnocentric in their choices turned out to be the French who in almost all product categories showed preferences for products originating from their country. Furthermore, the empirical study showed that with respect to different product categories young European consumers attach more importance to a product’s brand than its country of origin.

scholarly journals WORLD ECONOMIC GIANTS IN THE EYES OF AFRICA: PERCEPTIONS OF AFRICAN CONSUMERS TOWARDS FOREIGN ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ORIGINATING FROM CHINA, JAPAN AND UNITED STATES

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
A. Aliyu ◽  
Qing Ping ◽  
Adamu Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Product Attributes ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Country Reputation ◽  
Brand Familiarity ◽  
Perceived Product Quality

This paper presents the results of an exploratory survey of African Consumers’ Perception Regarding consumer electronics products originating from its three major trading partners-China, Japan and United States of America (U.S.A). The focus of the study is investigating the source of information in evaluating foreign products, The evaluation of the specific product cues used by African consumer in their assessment of electronic products and the ranking of the three countries-China, Japan and USA in terms of the various product attributes. The product category selected for the study includes television sets, Refrigerators, Computers, Electric irons, and digital cameras. The products cues (Dimensions) used for the study comprised of Country of origin image (COI), Brand Familiarity (B.F), Perceived product quality (PPQ), Firms’ trust (F.T), Country reputation (C.R), Economic Animosity (E.A), Perceived product price (PPP), And Product Availability (P.A). Data  was collected from two hundred and seventy (270) African consumers in the city of Wuhan Hubei province; Peoples Republic of China. With the aid of statistical packages for social sciences (IBM SPSS 20 VERSION), Paired-sample T test was used to compare the mean ratings of all the eight (8) product dimensions for all the pairs of the three (3) countries. The findings showed that internet advertisement and television are the most important information sources used by African consumers in evaluating foreign electronic products, this was followed by friends’ opinion and the least patronage was radio. The result also disclosed that African consumers don’t consider the country of origin aspect to be their priority in the course of making foreign electronic product purchase, rather other product attributes such as quality and product brand take the precedence. Also revealed from the studies is the ranking of the three countries in terms of the eight product dimensions. It was found that, Japan having highest brand recognition (Brand familiarity), United states would boast of two things, which include high perceived product quality and country reputation. China is leading ahead in terms of cheap product price and availability of their products in almost (if not all) the nooks and crannies of African countries as perceived by African consumers. Finally, in discussing managerial implications, prescriptions were made to marketers from different countries for improving their competitiveness in the emerging African market given the present perceptions of the African consumers.

scholarly journals Quantification of soy-based feed ingredient entry to the United States by ocean freight shipping and the associated seaports

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patterson Gilbert ◽  
Niederwerder Megan ◽  
Dee Scott
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soy Oil ◽  
Feed System ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
The Us ◽  
Watch List

The potential of feed ingredients to serve as vehicles for African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) introduction to the US is a significant concern. ASFV DNA has been detected in the Chinese feed system; raw grains and meals drying on the ground and milling facilities and feed delivery vehicles. Experimental evidence of ASFV survival in multiple soy-based feed ingredients during a simulated 30-day transoceanic journey and the transmission of ASFV through the natural consumption of contaminated feed has been published. Therefore, it’s important to understand the quantity of soy-based ingredients that enter the US from ASFV-positive countries via ocean shipping and rank sea ports of Entry (POEs) according to annual volume of these products to manage this risk.The quantity of soy-based feed ingredients and their specific ports of entry was obtained at the International Trade Commission Harmonized Tariff Schedule website (www.hs.usitc.gov), a publically available website that provides a transaction of specific trade commodities between the US and its international trading partners. A close review of this database identified 10 HTS codes pertaining to soy-based feed ingredients, including soybeans, soybean meal, soy oil cake and soy oil. Specific queries on these 10 HTS codes were designed to provide information on country of origin, quantity of product, date of entry, and POE into the US. Data were exported into Microsoft Excel, then organized into pivot tables that described the quantity of specific product by country of origin and POE. The analysis focused on the 43 ASFV-positive countries on the Canadian Food Inspection Agency Watch List.In 2018, 104,707 metric tons (MT) of soy-based ingredients were imported to the US from a total of nine foreign countries that are included on the CFIA Watch List. 52.6 % of this volume that was imported, or 55,101 MT, originated from China. These soy-based products from China entered the US from a total of 13 separate ports of entry (POEs). Of these POEs, a total of 4 POEs received greater than 88% of all of soy-based ingredients originating from CHina, including San Francisco/Oakland, CA (60.36%), Seattle, WA (20.54%), Baltimore, MD (4.13%), and Los Angeles, CA (3.78%).This is a new approach to analyze the risk management of feed imports, focusing on seaport of highest risk and quantity of product received. This work represents an initial step towards building a comprehensive listing of imported products introduced into the pork supply chain, and provide a roadmap to understanding risks involved in global livestock feed ingredient sourcing.

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