The Use of Two-Dimensional (2D), Three-Dimensional (3D) Ultrasound and Fetal Doppler Studies in the First Stage of Labor

ABSTRACT We present a series of images of different fetal intracranial, intrathoracic and intra-abdominal anomalies reconstructed using HDlive. It is a novel three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound modality that can provide the operator with naturally realistic features of any fetal anomalies. HDlive and its inversion mode are applied in several cases and two-dimensional (2D) sonographic images of different anomalies are also presented clearly to compare the advantages of HDlive in this article. This review focuses on the role of HDlive in the presence of such anomalies. HDlive should be a very useful aid in adjunct to other ultrasound modalities, specifically in cases that warrant detailed information. It can also be useful for the antenatal surveillance of anomalies, such as cystic lesions that may progress to complications. This innovative tool offers many promising advantages in clinical practice and future research on fetal anomalies. How to cite this article Cajusay-Velasco S, Hata T. HDlive in the Assessment of Fetal Intracranial, Intrathoracic and Intraabdominal Anomalies. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(4):362-375.

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Comparative studies of two dimensional and three dimensional ultrasonic nuchal translucency in trisomy assessments

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/s0001-37652012000400030 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 1157-1168 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lai K. Wee ◽

Hum Y. Chai ◽

Sharul R. Bin Samsury ◽

Naizaithull F. Binti Mujamil ◽

Eko Supriyanto

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Nuchal Translucency ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Ultrasound Measurement ◽

Ultrasound Images ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Significance Level ◽

Positive Linear Correlation ◽

2D And 3D

Current two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonic marker measurements are inherent with intra- and inter-observer variability limitations. The objective of this paper is to investigate the performance of conventional 2D ultrasonic marker measurements and proposed programmable interactive three-dimensional (3D) marker evaluation. This is essentially important to analyze that the measurement on 3D volumetric measurement possesses higher impact and reproducibility vis-à-vis 2D measurement. Twenty three cases of prenatal ultrasound examination were obtained from collaborating hospital after Ethical Committee's approval. The measured 2D ultrasonic marker is Nuchal Translucency or commonly abbreviated as NT. Descriptive analysis of both 2D and 3D ultrasound measurement were calculated. Three trial measurements were taken for each method. Both data were tested with One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and results indicate that markers measurements were distributed normally with significant parametric values at 0.621 and 0.596 respectively. Computed mean and standard deviation for both measurement methods are 1.4495 ± 0.46490 (2D) and 1.3561 ± 0.50994 (3D). ANOVA test shows that computerized 3D measurements were found to be insignificantly different from the mean of conventional 2D at the significance level of 0.05. With Pearson's correlation coefficient value or R = 0.861, the result proves strong positive linear correlation between 2D and 3D ultrasonic measurements. Reproducibility and accuracy of 3D ultrasound in NT measurement was significantly increased compared with 2D B-mode ultrasound prenatal assessment. 3D reconstructed imaging has higher clinical values compare to 2D ultrasound images with less diagnostics information.

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Corpus Luteum Morphology and Vascularization Assessed by Transvaginal Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional Ultrasound

Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1098 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 42-49

Author(s):

JM Bajo ◽

B Gómez ◽

P Álvarez ◽

V Engels ◽

A Martínez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Corpus Luteum ◽

Intrauterine Insemination ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Serum Levels ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Serum Progesterone ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided Analysis

Abstract Background Our aim was to describe the corpus luteum morphology by two-dimensional ultrasound correlated by its vascularization and volume by 3D ultrasound and study the possible relationship between serum progesterone levels and the corpus luteum morphology. Methods Thirty-eight women were included in an intrauterine insemination program (IUI) in Santa Cristina University's Hospital. All the patients were evaluated in mesoluteal phase, the day +7 after hCG administration, by two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound. The volume and vascular indices of the corpus luteum were calculated off-line using virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCALTM) software. Results Four different morphologies were described in the corpus luteum: echo-positive, echo-negative or sonoluscent, mixed echogenicity or nonvisible. Corpus luteum with mixed echogenicity was the most frequent one with 37.5% (12 cases). The corpus luteum vascular indices change in each morphology type, but there was statistically significant association just in vascularization index between echo-negative and mixed echogenicity corpus luteum morphologies, with p = 0.034. The rest of vascular indices do not change in each morphology corpus luteum types. There was statistically significant difference in mean gray value between echo-negative and mixed echogenicity morphologies, with p = 0.007. There were no statistically significant correlations between the corpus luteum morphology and the corpus luteum volume of any of the different types. There either was no statistically significant correlation between the corpus luteum morphology and progesterone serum levels on day +7 postovulation. Conclusions The mixed echogenicity corpus luteum morphology has more vessels and more cell mass than echo-negative ones. Progesterone serum levels in mid-luteal phase has no influence in corpus luteum morphology and vascularization.

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Accuracy of Ultrasound Measurements by Novices: Pixels or Voxels

Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1207 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 303-309 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tho Quynh Nguyen ◽

Melanie Flores

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

3D Image ◽

Volume Data ◽

Research Papers ◽

The World ◽

Ultrasound Measurements ◽

2D Ultrasound

ABSTRACT During the last two decades three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound has become increasingly popular around the world. There have been a great number of research papers studying its feasibility as well as reliability and accuracy. Compared to two-dimensional (2D), 3D ultrasound produces better visualization with minimal probe manipulation. The sonographer performing 2D ultrasound has to mentally assemble crosssectional images of a structure and/or object into a 3D image. In cases with uncertain anatomic orientation less experienced examiners may experience difficulties in envisioning three dimensions of the visualized structure, lesion or organ. Patients and parents are often faced with similar problems. A number of studies have shown that novice operators can efficiently store and interpret the volume data by 3D ultrasound, which may have many positive implications in the practice.

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Reference range of fetal thorax using two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound VOCAL technique and application in fetal thoracic malformations

BMC Medical Imaging ◽

10.1186/s12880-021-00548-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xihua Lian ◽

Zhenhong Xu ◽

Liping Zheng ◽

Zhixing Zhu ◽

Tofunmi Ejiwale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Volume ◽

Reference Range ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Transverse Diameter ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Vocal Technique ◽

Observer Reliability ◽

2D And 3D

Abstract Background To establish the normal reference range of fetal thorax by two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound VOCAL technique and evaluate the application in diagnosing fetal thoracic malformations. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was undertaken involving 1077 women who have a normal singleton pregnancy at 13–40 weeks gestational age (GA). 2D ultrasound and 3D ultrasound VOCAL technique were utilized to assess fetal thoracic transverse diameter, thoracic anteroposterior diameter, thoracic circumference, thoracic area, lung volume, thoracic volume and lung-to-thoracic volume ratio. The nomograms of 2D and 3D fetal thoracic measurements were created to GA. 50 cases were randomly selected to calculate intra- and inter-observer reliability and agreement. In addition, the case groups including congenital skeletal dysplasia (SD) (15), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) (30), pulmonary sequestration (PS) (25) and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) (36) were assessed by the nomograms and followed up subsequently. Results Both 2D and 3D fetal thoracic parameters increased with GA using a quadratic regression equation. The intra- and inter-observer reliability and agreement of each thoracic parameter were excellent. 2D fetal thoracic parameters could initially evaluate the fetal thoracic development and diagnose the skeletal thoracic deformity, and lung volume, thoracic volume and lung-to-thorax volume ratio were practical to diagnose and differentiate CDH, PS and CCAM. Conclusion We have established the normal fetal thoracic reference range at 13–40 weeks, which has a high value in diagnosing congenital thoracic malformations.

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Fetal Facial Abnormalities: From 2D Sonography to HDlive and HDlive Silhouette Mode

Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1478 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 313-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suraphan Sajapala

Keyword(s):

Obstet Gynecol ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Detailed Data ◽

New Techniques ◽

Facial Anomalies

ABSTRACT Fetal face examination is essential to complete a full anatomical scan. Two-dimensional (2D) sonography is the basic standardized tool used. The anatomical nature of the fetal face should be accurately judged along with the exclusion of all possible anomalies, but this is sometimes difficult to achieve with 2D sonography alone. Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound provides detailed data on the fetal face. Many studies showed its superiority for detecting anomalies that were missed by 2D sonography. HDlive provides life-like images of the fetal face, and the HDlive silhouette mode provides hologram-like images of structures of interest. In this article, the development of ultrasound from 2D to conventional 3D and new rendering modes, such as HDlive and the HDlive silhouette mode will be presented, highlighting studies comparing the benefits and advantages of each of these new techniques over conventional 2D sonography for detecting fetal facial anomalies. How to cite this article Sajapala S, AboEllail MAM, Kanenishi K, Hata T. Fetal Facial Abnormalities: From 2D Sonography to HDlive and HDlive Silhouette Mode. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(3):313-320.

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Reference Range of Fetal thorax using Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional Ultrasound VOCAL Technique and Application in Fetal Thoracic Malformations

10.21203/rs.3.rs-127421/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xihua Lian ◽

Zhenhong Xu ◽

Liping Zheng ◽

Zhixing Zhu ◽

Tofunmi Ejiwale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Volume ◽

Reference Range ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Transverse Diameter ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Vocal Technique ◽

Observer Reliability ◽

2D And 3D

Abstract Background: To establish the normal reference range of fetal thorax by two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound VOCAL technique and evaluate the application in diagnosing fetal thoracic malformations. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was undertaken involving 1077 women who have a normal singleton pregnancy at 13-40 weeks gestational age (GA). 2D ultrasound and 3D ultrasound VOCAL technique were utilized to assess fetal thoracic transverse diameter, thoracic anteroposterior diameter, thoracic circumference, thoracic area, lung volume, thoracic volume and lung-to-thoracic volume ratio. The nomograms of 2D and 3D fetal thoracic measurements were created to GA. 50 cases were randomly selected to calculate intra- and inter-observer reliability and agreement. In addition, the case groups including congenital skeletal dysplasia (SD) (15), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) (30), pulmonary sequestration (PS) (25) and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) (36) were assessed by the nomograms and followed up subsequently.Results: Both 2D and 3D fetal thoracic parameters increased with GA using a quadratic regression equation. The intra- and inter-observer reliability and agreement of each thoracic parameter were excellent. 2D fetal thoracic parameters can initially evaluate the fetal thoracic development and diagnose the skeletal thoracic deformity, and lung volume, thoracic volume and lung-to-thorax volume ratio are practical to diagnose and differentiate CDH, PS and CCAM.Conclusion: We have established the normal fetal thoracic reference range at 13-40 weeks, which has a high value in diagnosing congenital thoracic malformations.

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High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010005319x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 80-83

Author(s):

H.A. Cohen ◽

T.W. Jeng ◽

W. Chiu

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Low Dose ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Data Interpretation ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Biological Objects ◽

Density Maps ◽

Density Map ◽

Complex Crystal ◽

High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

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Instrumentation For Quantitative Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100078584 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 206-209

Author(s):

B. Ralph ◽

A.R. Jones

Keyword(s):

Volume Fraction ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Automatic Data ◽

Phase Volume Fraction ◽

Statistical Confidence ◽

Resultant Data ◽

Automatic Data Collection ◽

Third Dimension ◽

Evolution Of Microstructure

In all fields of microscopy there is an increasing interest in the quantification of microstructure. This interest may stem from a desire to establish quality control parameters or may have a more fundamental requirement involving the derivation of parameters which partially or completely define the three dimensional nature of the microstructure. This latter categorey of study may arise from an interest in the evolution of microstructure or from a desire to generate detailed property/microstructure relationships. In the more fundamental studies some convolution of two-dimensional data into the third dimension (stereological analysis) will be necessary.In some cases the two-dimensional data may be acquired relatively easily without recourse to automatic data collection and further, it may prove possible to perform the data reduction and analysis relatively easily. In such cases the only recourse to machines may well be in establishing the statistical confidence of the resultant data. Such relatively straightforward studies tend to result from acquiring data on the whole assemblage of features making up the microstructure. In this field data mode, when parameters such as phase volume fraction, mean size etc. are sought, the main case for resorting to automation is in order to perform repetitive analyses since each analysis is relatively easily performed.

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