The Intestinal Microbiome, the Immune System and Spondyloarthropathy

2017 ◽  
pp. 145-165
Author(s):  
Mary-Ellen Costello ◽  
Matthew A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome

Healthy gut microbiota and long term health

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Vandenplas
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tremendous Impact ◽  
Postnatal Factors

This review summarises how the composition of the gastro-intestinal microbiota depends on pre- and postnatal factors, and birth itself. The impact of method of delivery, feeding during infancy and medications, such as antibiotics and anti-acid medication, on the composition of the gastro-intestinal microbiota has clearly been shown. However, the duration of the impact of these factors is not well established. The gastro-intestinal microbiome composition is associated with many auto-immune mediated diseases. Although causality has not been obviously demonstrated, there is a strong tendency in this direction. Nevertheless, results of the manipulation of the gastro-intestinal microbiome composition in these conditions are often disappointing. A better understanding on factors determining the longterm composition of the gastro-intestinal microbiome and its health consequences are a priority research topic. A better understanding of the association between the microbiome and the immune system may have a tremendous impact on general health.

Microbiome–Gut Dissociation: Investigating the Origins of Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-172
Author(s):  
David Smith ◽  
Sohan Jheeta
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
The One ◽  
In Situ Detection

The reduction of excessive weight remains a major public health challenge, with control currently limited to a calorie reduction strategy. Currently, attempts are being made at revisiting the fibre hypothesis based on the African studies of Denis Burkitt, that the lack of dietary fibre in the modern diet was responsible for the occurrence of obesity and many of the other non-communicable diseases of what he called “Western civilization”. However, the dilemma is that Burkitt himself stressed that other peoples of his day, such as the Maasai, remained healthy without consuming such high fibre diets. Equally, the present obesity epidemic is accompanied by diseases of a malfunctioning immune system and of poor mental health that do not seem to be adequately explained simply by a deficiency of dietary fibre. Though unknown in Burkitt’s day, an increasing degradation of a mutualistic intestinal microbiome would offer a better fit to the observed epidemiology, especially if the microbiome is not effectively passed on from mother to child at birth. Taking the broader view, in this article we posit a view of the microbiome as a cofactor of mammalian evolution, in which a maternal microbial inheritance complements the parental genetic inheritance of the animal, both engaging epigenetic processes. As this would require the microbiome to be fully integrated with the animal as it develops into an adult, so we have a meaningful evolutionary role for the microbiome–gut–brain axis. By a failure to correctly establish a microbiome–gut interface, the inhibition of maternal microbial inheritance sets the scene for the future development of non-communicable disease: compromised immune system function on the one hand and dysfunctional gut–brain communication on the other. The basic principle is that the fully functioning, diverse, microbiome achieves interkingdom communication by the generation of messenger chemicals, semiochemicals. It is envisaged that the in situ detection of these as yet ill-defined chemical entities by means of an ingestible sensor would indicate the severity of disease and provide a guide as to its amelioration.

scholarly journals Role of the Intestinal Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier and Psychobiotics in Depression

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
Paulina Trzeciak ◽  
Mariola Herbet
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Excessive Activation

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. As determined, the microbiota influences the shaping and modulation of the functioning of the gut–brain axis. The intestinal microbiota has a significant impact on processes related to neurotransmitter synthesis, the myelination of neurons in the prefrontal cortex, and is also involved in the development of the amygdala and hippocampus. Intestinal bacteria are also a source of vitamins, the deficiency of which is believed to be related to the response to antidepressant therapy and may lead to exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Additionally, it is known that, in periods of excessive activation of stress reactions, the immune system also plays an important role, negatively affecting the tightness of the intestinal barrier and intestinal microflora. In this review, we have summarized the role of the gut microbiota, its metabolites, and diet in susceptibility to depression. We also describe abnormalities in the functioning of the intestinal barrier caused by increased activity of the immune system in response to stressors. Moreover, the presented study discusses the role of psychobiotics in the prevention and treatment of depression through their influence on the intestinal barrier, immune processes, and functioning of the nervous system.

scholarly journals Intestinal Microbiota in Common Chronic Inflammatory Disorders Affecting Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Torun ◽  
Anna Hupalowska ◽  
Piotr Trzonkowski ◽  
Jaroslaw Kierkus ◽  
Beata Pyrzynska
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Inflammatory Disorders

The incidence and prevalence rate of chronic inflammatory disorders is on the rise in the pediatric population. Recent research indicates the crucial role of interactions between the altered intestinal microbiome and the immune system in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory disorders in children, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and celiac disease (CeD). Here, we review recent knowledge concerning the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these disorders, and summarize the facts suggesting that the initiation and progression of IBD, T1DM, and CeD can be partially attributed to disturbances in the patterns of composition and abundance of the gut microbiota. The standard available therapies for chronic inflammatory disorders in children largely aim to treat symptoms. Although constant efforts are being made to maximize the quality of life for children in the long-term, sustained improvements are still difficult to achieve. Additional challenges are the changing physiology associated with growth and development of children, a population that is particularly susceptible to medication-related adverse effects. In this review, we explore new promising therapeutic approaches aimed at modulation of either gut microbiota or the activity of the immune system to induce a long-lasting remission of chronic inflammatory disorders. Recent preclinical studies and clinical trials have evaluated new approaches, for instance the adoptive transfer of immune cells, with genetically engineered regulatory T cells expressing antigen-specific chimeric antigen receptors. These approaches have revolutionized cancer treatments and have the potential for the protection of high-risk children from developing autoimmune diseases and effective management of inflammatory disorders. The review also focuses on the findings of studies that indicate that the responses to a variety of immunotherapies can be enhanced by strategic manipulation of gut microbiota, thus emphasizing on the importance of proper interaction between the gut microbiota and immune system for sustained health benefits and improvement of the quality of life of pediatric patients.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory potential of gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weronika Ratajczak ◽  
Aleksandra Rył ◽  
Arnold Mizerski ◽  
Kinga Walczakiewicz ◽  
Olimpia Sipak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
16S Rrna Analysis ◽  
Immunomodulatory Potential ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Intestinal microbiota is an element of the bacterial ecosystem in all mammalian organisms. These microorganisms play a very important part in the development, functioning, and modulation of the immune system from the moment of birth. In recent years, owing to the use of modern sequencing techniques, the microbiome composition in healthy people has been identified based on bacterial 16S rRNA analysis. Currently, more and more attention is being given to the influence of microorganisms on the host’s cellular metabolism. Analysis of microbial metabolites, among them short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis in terms of their effects on molecular regulatory mechanisms of immune reactions will surely improve the understanding of the etiology of many common diseases. SCFAs, mainly butyrate, propionate, and acetate, occur in specific amounts, and their proportions can change, depending on the diet, age and diseases. The levels of SCFAs are substantially influenced by the ratio of commensal intestinal bacteria, the disturbance of which (dysbiosis) can lead to a disproportion between the SCFAs produced. SCFAs are regarded as mediators in the communication between the intestinal microbiome and the immune system. The signal they produce is transferred, among others, in immune cells via free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), which belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It has been also confirmed that SCFAs inhibit the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) – an enzyme involved in post-translational modifications, namely the process of deacetylation and, what is new, the process of histone crotonylation. These properties of SCFAs have an effect on their immunomodulatory potential i.e. maintaining the anti/pro-inflammatory balance. SCFAs act not only locally in the intestines colonized by commensal bacteria, but also influence the intestinal immune cells, and modulate immune response by multi-protein inflammasome complexes. SCFAs have been confirmed to contribute to the maintenance of the immune homeostasis of the urinary system (kidneys), respiratory system (lungs), central nervous system, and the sight organ.

scholarly journals Schistosoma mansoni Worm Infection Regulates the Intestinal Microbiota and Susceptibility to Colitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Achilleas Floudas ◽  
Gabriella Aviello ◽  
Christian Schwartz ◽  
Ian B. Jeffery ◽  
Paul W. O'Toole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Female Worm ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Infection with parasite helminths induces potent modulation of the immune system of the host. Epidemiological and animal studies have shown that helminth infections can suppress or exacerbate unrelated autoimmune, allergic, and other inflammatory disorders. There is growing evidence that helminth infection-mediated suppression of bystander inflammatory responses is influenced by alterations in the intestinal microbiome modulating metabolic and immune functions of the infected host. We analyzed the fecal microbiota of mice infected with adult male Schistosoma mansoni worms, which are less susceptible to experimental colitis, and male- and female-worm-infected mice, which are highly sensitive to colitis. While both groups of infected mice developed a disrupted microbiota, there were marked alterations in mice with male and female worm infections. Antibiotic-treated recipients that were cohoused with both types of S. mansoni worm-infected mice acquired a colitogenic microbiome, leading to increased susceptibility to experimental colitis. Following anthelmintic treatment to remove worms from worm-only-infected mice, the mice developed exacerbated colitis. This study provides evidence that adult male S. mansoni worm infection modulates the host’s immune system and suppresses bystander colitis while limiting dysbiosis of the host’s intestinal microbiome during infection.

scholarly journals The role of breast-feeding in infant immune system: a systems perspective on the intestinal microbiome

Microbiome ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paurush Praveen ◽  
Ferenc Jordan ◽  
Corrado Priami ◽  
Melissa J. Morine
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
System A

scholarly journals The natural feed additives as immunostimulants in monogastric animal nutrition – a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Kiczorowska ◽  
Wioletta Samolińska ◽  
Ali Ridha Mustafa Al-Yasiry ◽  
Piotr Kiczorowski ◽  
Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Monogastric Animal

Abstract Probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics could be a possible solution as immunostimulants in monogastric animal nutrition. Beneficial effects of application thereof in animals are determined by many factors, e.g. the type of the probiotic strain, probiotic compounds, or plant species used as a supplement. A significant role is also played by the animal species, dosage, and the time and method of administration. The activity of these compounds is primarily focused on prevention of pathogen infections and, consequently, improvement of animal welfare. Probiotics compete with pathogenic bacteria by covering the intestinal epithelium mucosa, thereby interrupting pathogen colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. Supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics can also induce positive changes in the intestinal morphology, e.g. elongation of villi or deepening of intestinal crypts. In a majority of cases, they also modulate the immune response of the host. They mobilise the cellular components of the innate immune system (macrophages and heterophils), which defend the animal organism against gastrointestinal infection. Another possibility is the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that modulate adaptive immunity or stabilization of the intestinal microbiome. The main target of immunomodulatory feed additives is reduction of local inflammation, enhancement of the function of the immune system, a substantial impact on the health status of livestock animals, and improvement of their health status and production performance.

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