Stories of Life, Work and Nature Before and After the Clean-up of North-East England’s River Tyne, 1940–2015

Unlike the contiguous windthrows, the diffuse windthrows occurred as a result of wind gusts of lower speed (100-140 km/h) than in the first case (>140 km/h) are much more difficult to detect due to their much lower areas and due to their very large number, of several hundreds in the wooded mountain massifs. The objective of this research is to present a rapid procedure for the detection of the diffuse windthrows based on low cost, Landsat type images, knowing that certain sensors cannot be accessed without significant investments. Our application is based on the study of effects caused by the Xynthia storm in the Vosges Mountains in the North-East of France, on 28 February 2010. Thus, based on two sets of Landsat satellite images, we used the “dark object” approach and the Disturbance Index, as well as a classification of the images before and after the storm, resulting in a change map. Following the detection process, 257 scattered polygons were detected, totalling 229 ha. For validation purposes, high-resolution images and orthophotoplans taken before and after storm were used. The error matrix was calculated, achieving an overall accuracy of 86%, which confirms the quality of our analysis and supports this procedure for detecting diffuse windthrow based on low cost resources.

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Trend and Variability Analysis of Sunshine Duration in Divisional Headquarters of Bangladesh

Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources ◽

10.3329/jesnr.v12i1-2.52008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1-2) ◽

pp. 127-133

Author(s):

MA Farukh ◽

MA Islam ◽

L Akter ◽

R Khatun

Keyword(s):

General Circulation ◽

Sunshine Duration ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Winter Season ◽

Circulation Model ◽

North East ◽

Before And After ◽

Post Monsoon Season ◽

Sunshine Hour

In this study, Sunshine duration data of eight divisional headquarters of Bangladesh Meteorological Stations (Dhaka, Rangpur, Rajshahi, Mymensingh, Sylhet, Barishal, Khulna and Chattagram) were analyzed to evaluate the long-term changes and trends. The data used are the BMD data spanning from 1980 to 2010. The annual sunshine duration has decreased by the month of (June –September) from 1980 to 2010. Seasonal changes in sunshine duration were also analyzed where the maximum decline was found in rainy-monsoon season (June – September), the winter season (December – February), then the post-monsoon season (October – November) and the minimum in the pre-monsoon season (March – May). Analysis of observed data before and after 2000 represents the sunshine durations have decreasing trends in all divisional headquarters of Bangladesh except Chattagram station during the month of (January – December). General Circulation Model (GCM) defined that the maximum sunshine hour was decline north-east and south-west in all divisional headquarters of Bangladesh during the month of (June – September) and the minimum sunshine hour was decline in eastern part of the country during the month of (March – May). Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 12(1&2): 127-133, 2019

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Long-term dynamics of organic matter and elements exported as coarse particulates from two Caribbean montane watersheds

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467411000733 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 127-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

T. Heartsill Scalley ◽

F. N. Scatena ◽

S. Moya ◽

A. E. Lugo

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Particulate Organic Matter ◽

Headwater Streams ◽

Structural Complexity ◽

Base Flow ◽

Coarse Particulate Organic Matter ◽

North East ◽

Storm Flow ◽

Before And After

Abstract:In heterotrophic streams the retention and export of coarse particulate organic matter and associated elements are fundamental biogeochemical processes that influence water quality, food webs and the structural complexity of forested headwater streams. Nevertheless, few studies have documented the quantity and quality of exported organic matter over multiple years and under a range of conditions that includes both droughts and hurricanes. This study quantifies the export of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM, > 12.7 mm), over 18 y in two headwater streams in north-east Puerto Rico. Daily exports ranged from 0 to over 170 g ha−1 d−1 and averaged 7.39 g ha−1 d−1, with similar amounts coming from leaves (3.5 g ha−1 d−1) and wood (3.2 g ha−1 d−1). Export of coarse particulate organic carbon was 3.0 g ha−1 d−1 which constitutes only 1.32% of carbon exports. Most litter falling into the streams was processed in place as only 2.3% of the leaf litter falling directly into these perennial channels was exported as CPOM. On average, 6 wk y−1 had no exports while events transporting more than 10 g ha−1 d−1 occurred every 2.8 mo. Instead of a single annual pulse as observed in deciduous systems, there were annual peaks in CPOM exports during May and September and less export during the drier period from December to February. Ratios of C:N in the exported material were highest in the driest month and lowest during rainy months, while leaf fluxes for nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium were highest in rainy months and lowest during February. Although median daily exports and exports during low- and base-flow periods were similar before and after Hugo, after 16 y exports during moderate- and high-flow periods were still less than those in the 2 y prior to the hurricane. Our observations indicate a system with high rates of internal processing that quickly returns to median daily conditions following hurricanes but requires several decades for storm-flow exports to return to pre-disturbance conditions and indicates that the long-term pattern of CPOM export is associated with the level of maturity of watershed vegetation.

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Understorey light environments in a north-east Australian rain forest before and after a tropical cyclone

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467400006453 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 241-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

S. M. Turton

Keyword(s):

Tropical Cyclone ◽

Rain Forest ◽

Light Availability ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Canopy Openness ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

Site Factors ◽

North East ◽

Canopy Disturbance ◽

Before And After

ABSTRACTThis paper describes estimates of canopy openness and associated light availability in the understorey of a north-east Australian rain forest before and immediately after a tropical cyclone. On the basis of 20 hemispherical (fisheye) canopy photographs it was shown that direct, diffuse and total site factors increased significantly as a result of the slight-to-moderate canopy disturbance caused by the cyclone. In the understorey, median total site factors ranged from 2.5–3.4% before the cyclone and from 6.0–8.6% after the cyclone, representing a 2- to 3-fold increase in potential light availability. Following the cyclone, mean relative gap frequencies increased substantially at all altitudes but particularly at canopy positions more than 70° above the horizon. Cyclone-induced canopy disturbance not only reduced the complexity of the understorey light regime but may have also increased the seasonal variability of light within the understorey of the forest during the interval of canopy recovery. The implications of these results for the ecophysiology of understorey tree seedlings and saplings at several temporal scales are discussed.

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Economic Vision of the Quaid-i-Azam

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v40i4iipp.1147-1154 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 40 (4II) ◽

pp. 1147-1154

Author(s):

Zawwar Hussain Zaidi

Keyword(s):

South Asia ◽

Political Party ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Public Services ◽

Mass Movement ◽

Colonial Rule ◽

British India ◽

Before And After ◽

Life Work

I am grateful to the organisers for holding this seminar on an important, if somewhat less known, facet of the life-work of the Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who transformed the All India Muslim League from a run-of-the-mill political party into a mass movement. His role as the founder of an independent sovereign Muslim state in South Asia has been widely acclaimed by historians and scholars. However, his political tour de force has rather overshadowed what he did for the economic emancipation of Muslims before and after Independence. The demand for Pakistan visualised not just freedom from colonial rule but, no less importantly, liberation from the socio-economic domination of the majority community in business, commerce, education and public services. Jinnah knew full well that the areas to be included in Pakistan were economically and industrially backward. They constituted the agricultural hinterland of the industrialised areas of British India. A survey of industrial locations during the year 1939-40, appended below, highlights the vast disparity in industrial development between the two areas:

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Geochemical and micropaleontological evidence of the Messinian Salinity Crisis preconditioning phase in the West Alboran Basin

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2126 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francesca Bulian ◽

Tanja J. Kouwenhoven ◽

Francisco J. Sierro ◽

Wout Krijgsman

Keyword(s):

Bottom Water ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Sudden Change ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Messinian Salinity Crisis ◽

Benthic Foraminifer ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

North East ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mediterranean

The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC), still highly discussed within the scientific community, affected the Mediterranean Sea between 5.97 and 5.33 Ma and led to the deposition of huge evaporite accumulations both in its marginal and deep basins. During this profound palaeoecological change, the connections between the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Basin were extremely reduced or even non-existing creating an environment where evaporation was dominant. However, the isolation from the global ocean was not a sudden change but most probably a stepwise process. At 7.17 Ma the first signs of restriction are visible in the sedimentological and micropaleontological records all over the Mediterranean.Particularly, several Italian, Greek and Cypriot locations register a reduced deep water marine ventilation to the sea floor since 7.17 Ma ago as reflected in the higher abundance of benthic low oxygen foraminifer species, indicators of stressed conditions like Bolivinia spp., Bulimina aculeata, Uvigerina peregrina. In these locations, the start of the progressive Mediterranean isolation coincides with the beginning of a more regular occurrence or even the first appearance of sapropel levels which further confirms the increasingly adverse conditions and increasingly dysoxygenated bottom waters. On the other hand, apart from the first opal-rich deposits in the Sorbas basin (Southern Spain) and the Messadit section (North-East Morocco), evidence from the Western Mediterranean is lacking and no studies have focused so far on the 7.17 Ma event.In this view, we conducted a detailed benthic foraminifer and stable isotope study of West Alboran Sea Site 976 before and after the 7.17 Ma event. This new record highlights the imprint that the early Atlantic-Mediterranean gateway restriction had on the Mediterranean sedimentological record, in a location proximal to the Messinian Gateways. Here, even if anoxic bottom water conditions were never reached, the benthic foraminifer association, paired with the benthic foraminifer carbon isotope record suggest a perturbation of the bottom water circulation and a decrease in bottom water oxygen levels starting ~7.17 Ma. In addition, a comparison of Western-Eastern Mediterranean records enabled us to make assumptions regarding the Mediterranean scale circulation before and after the 7.17 Ma event.

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Investigating the level of entrepreneurial orientation and desire for self-employment of students in selected tertiary institutions, North-East Nigeria

The Business and Management Review ◽

10.24052/bmr/v12nu01/art-03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Manishimwe Theoneste ◽

Ndifreke Clinton-Etim ◽

Keyword(s):

Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Entrepreneurship Education ◽

Primary Data ◽

Tertiary Institutions ◽

North East ◽

Self Employment ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Northeast Nigeria

Entrepreneurial orientation resulting from entrepreneurship education in tertiary institutions has produced mixed findings in the developed context, especially in Northeast Nigeria, where the insurgency has been disrupting education over the years. This study investigated the level of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of students in Yola, a region in Northeast Nigeria grappling with the onslaughts of the Boko Haram insurgency. This quantitative study examined the difference between the level of Entrepreneurial Orientations of Students before (BEO) and after taking entrepreneurship modules (AEO) while relying on primary data collected from three different categories of tertiary institutions in Nigeria (a polytechnic, a college, and a university) through a structured questionnaire. Relevant literature was reviewed to enrich the understanding of the researcher on different extents of the study. In the absence of a sample frame in the target population, a sample size of 270 students was selected based on the research eligibility criteria. Out of this sample, 191 respondents filled and returned the questionnaires. Descriptive statistical analysis and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used to analyze the data collected. The level of Entrepreneurial Orientation among students was measured to determine how students were innovative, proactive, risk-taking, and competitive aggressive before and after taking entrepreneurship modules. A significant difference between the level of EO before and after taking entrepreneurship modules, a meaningful relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation of students, and desire for self-employment after graduation was indicated. SEM results showed a significant positive impact of entrepreneurial orientation on students' willingness to self-employment after graduation. This research enriched the literature with a new understanding of entrepreneurial orientation. It provided modest empirical findings pertinent to policymakers interested in advancing Entrepreneurship Education (EE) in tertiary institutions. Based on the findings regarding factors affecting the entrepreneurial orientation of students, the study recommends solutions for improving and developing an effective entrepreneurial orientation strategy in tertiary institutions.

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Effect of experimentally increasing concentration of suspended sediment on macroinvertebrate drift

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf9910519 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 519 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

TJ Doeg ◽

GA Milledge

Keyword(s):

Suspended Sediment ◽

Peak Concentration ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Flood Events ◽

North East ◽

High Release ◽

Starting Point ◽

Before And After ◽

Mean Concentration ◽

Macroinvertebrate Drift

The effect of artificially elevating concentrations of suspended sediment on macroinvertebrate drift was studied in the Acheron River, 100 km north-east of Melbourne. Two experimental channels were established in the stream, and suspended sediment was introduced into one channel over a period of 1.5 h. The second channel was left undisturbed as a control. The concentration of suspended sediment was altered every 15 min, rising and falling to imitate concentrations reported during natural flood events. Drift was collected from two nets at the downstream end of each channel during each 15-min period. Collections were made for three 15-min periods before the introduction of the sediment and for three periods after the release. The addition of suspended sediment at a mean concentration of 133.4 mg L-1 over a 15-min period (compared with around 20 mg L-1 in the control channel) resulted in a sevenfold increase in the total number of drifting invertebrates. At lower concentrations (both before and after this peak concentration), drift densities were more similar to prerelease conditions. The number of drifting taxa also showed an increase during the period of high release. Although the experiment did not conform strictly to a full experimental design, the results indicated that there may be a threshold level of suspended sediment that initiates macroinvertebrate drift, and this experiment represents an appropriate starting point for future investigations.

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The Craig-Collins pacts of 1922: two attempted reforms of the Northern Ireland government

Irish Historical Studies ◽

10.1017/s0021121400018289 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 27 (106) ◽

pp. 145-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael Hopkinson

Keyword(s):

Northern Ireland ◽

Equal Weight ◽

British Government ◽

The South ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

Treaty Negotiations ◽

Before And After ◽

The Stability ◽

Shipyard Workers

The six months following the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 saw an appalling level of violence in Belfast and on the border, which threatened the stability of the newly formed Northern Ireland government. Official figures for the period between 6 December 1921 and 31 May 1922 listed seventy-three protestants and 147 catholics killed in Belfast and eight protestants and twenty-two catholics killed in the six counties outside Belfast. In that period two wide-ranging agreements aimed to reform the northern government and security system: they became known, somewhat inaccurately, as the Craig-Collins pacts, of 21 January and 30 March 1922. This article discusses the motivation behind the pacts and the reasons for their failure in a wide context, by giving equal weight to the attitudes of the British government and to opinion on both sides of the Irish border.The Northern Ireland government was established in 1920–21. It was unrecognised by the dáil government in the south and by much of the northern catholic minority. The province developed against a background of violence and upheaval, including the expulsion of catholic shipyard workers from their work in the summer of 1920; the dáil retaliated by boycotting Belfast goods. The period also saw increasing I.R.A. activity in the north during the latter stages of the Anglo-Irish war, and the five-month truce that followed it. Though the northern government was not a party to the treaty negotiations, only reluctantly accepting the granting of dominion status to the south, the months before and after the settlement greatly increased tensions in the north-east.

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Independent Component Extraction from the Incomplete Coordinate Time Series of Regional GNSS Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21051569 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 1569

Author(s):

Tengfei Feng ◽

Yunzhong Shen ◽

Fengwei Wang

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Missing Data ◽

Satellite System ◽

Independent Component ◽

Independent Components ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

Before And After ◽

Original Time ◽

Global Navigation Satellite

Independent component analysis (ICA) is one of the most effective approaches in extracting independent signals from a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) regional station network. However, ICA requires the involved time series to be complete, thereby the missing data of incomplete time series should be interpolated beforehand. In this contribution, a modified ICA is proposed, by which the missing data are first recovered based on the reversible property between the original time series and decomposed principal components, then the complete time series are further processed with FastICA. To evaluate the performance of the modified ICA for extracting independent components, 24 regional GNSS network stations located in North China from 2011 to 2019 were selected. After the trend, annual and semiannual terms were removed from the GNSS time series, the first two independent components captured 17.42, 18.44 and 17.38% of the total energy for the North, East and Up coordinate components, more than those derived by the iterative ICA that accounted for 16.21%, 17.72% and 16.93%, respectively. Therefore, modified ICA can extract more independent signals than iterative ICA. Subsequently, selecting the 7 stations with less missing data from the network, we repeatedly process the time series after randomly deleting parts of the data and compute the root mean square error (RMSE) from the differences of reconstructed signals before and after deleting data. All RMSEs of modified ICA are smaller than those of iterative ICA, indicating that modified ICA can extract more exact signals than iterative ICA.

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