External Measure-Theoretic Phenomena

2018 ◽  
pp. 381-392
Author(s):  
Thierry Giordano ◽  
David Kerr ◽  
N. Christopher Phillips ◽  
Andrew Toms
Keyword(s):  
External Measure

Patients with chronic diseases: tomorrow, all sentinels?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10502
Author(s):  
Jean-David Cohen ◽  
Cyril Crozet ◽  
Jean-François d’Ivernois ◽  
Rémi Gagnayre
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
External Measure

Very old studies and clinical experiences of physicians already signal the ability of some patients to feel subclinical signs. These patients are called sentinel patients because they can anticipate crisis very early and therefore intervene quickly to prevent them. Studies have shown that these patients develop these skills from their own experience, in steps which are similar to quasi-experimental research. They test and adjust their competence all the more easily as they have an objective external measure available. This faculty of patients suggests the possibility of using medical devices as a means of learning for patients to tutor themselves in support of this singular skill.

Using Evidence Factors to Clarify Exposure Biomarkers

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
Bikram Karmakar ◽  
Dylan S Small ◽  
Paul R Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Aspect ◽  
Exposure Biomarker ◽  
Exposure Biomarkers ◽  
External Measure

Abstract A study has 2 evidence factors if it permits 2 statistically independent inferences about 1 treatment effect such that each factor is immune to some bias that would invalidate the other factor. Because the 2 factors are statistically independent, the evidence they provide can be combined using methods associated with meta-analysis for independent studies, despite using the same data twice in different ways. We illustrate evidence factors, applying them in a new way in investigations that have both an exposure biomarker and a coarse external measure of exposure to a treatment. To illustrate, we consider the possible effects of cigarette smoking on homocysteine levels, with self-reported smoking and a cotinine biomarker. We examine joint sensitivity of 2 factors to bias from confounding, a central aspect of any observational study.

Managerial Judgment in Marketing: The Concept of Expertise

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Larréché ◽  
Reza Moinpour
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Delphi Process ◽  
Group Consensus ◽  
Marketing Decision ◽  
Decision Calculus ◽  
External Measure ◽  
True Values

Judgment-based estimations often are used in marketing decision making and as inputs to decision calculus models. An evaluation of different approaches to integrating individual judgments is performed in the context of a marketing situation where the “true” values being estimated are known. Experts identified by a simple external measure of expertise are found likely to provide better estimates, followed by groups participating in a Delphi process. Experts identified by self-rated confidence and interpersonal group consensus are not found likely to provide better estimates than the average of the initial judgments of the members of a group.

Convergence-Divergence with Extended Practice: Three Applications

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 359-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Extended Practice ◽  
Simple Notion ◽  
External Measure

When a task is practiced, its correlation with an external measure may increase, decrease, or remain the same, to take only linear possibilities into account. If the correlation increases, the task is said to converge on the external measure; if it decreases, the task diverges from the external measure. This simple notion has many applications, some of them entailing important theoretical consequences. The present paper discusses three of these applications.

Comparative Study of Validity of the Wais and Quick Test as Predictors of Functioning Intelligence in a Psychiatric Facility

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan A. Ciula ◽  
John J. Cody
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Intellectual Functioning ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Psychiatric Facility ◽  
Quick Test ◽  
Maximum Security ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
External Measure

Data describe the relationship of the WAIS and the Quick Test to an external measure of intellectual functioning in a group of 50 psychiatric patients in maximum security. Also examined were the relationships between the two tests. The Verbal and Full Scale WAIS IQs and Quick Test IQs were statistically comparable for this adult sample.

scholarly journals Validation of the Brief Developmental Assessment in pre-school children with heart disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Brown ◽  
Deborah A. Ridout ◽  
Christina Pagel ◽  
Monica Lakhanpaul ◽  
Suzan Kakat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
School Children ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Developmental Assessment ◽  
Training Package ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities ◽  
External Measure

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to prospectively validate the “Brief Developmental Assessment”, which is a new early recognition tool for neurodevelopmental abnormalities in children with heart disease that was developed for use by cardiac teams.MethodsThis was a prospective validation study among a representative sample of 960 pre-school children with heart disease from three United Kingdom tertiary cardiac centres who were analysed grouped into five separate age bands.ResultsThe “Brief Developmental Assessment” was successfully validated in the older four age bands, but not in the youngest representing infants under the age of 4 months, as pre-set validation thresholds were met – lower 95% confidence limit for the correlation coefficient above 0.75 – in terms of agreement of scores between two raters and with an external measure the “Mullen Scales of Early Learning”. On the basis of American Association of Pediatrics Guidelines, which state that the sensitivity and specificity of a developmental screening tool should fall between 70 and 80%, “Brief Developmental Assessment” outcome of Red meets this threshold for detection of Mullen scores >2 standard deviations below the mean.ConclusionThe “Brief Developmental Assessment” may be used to improve the quality of assessment of children with heart disease. This will require a training package for users and a guide to action for abnormal results. Further research is needed to determine how best to deploy the “Brief Developmental Assessment” at different time points in children with heart disease and to determine the management strategy in infants younger than 4 months old.

Pedometry as an External Measure of Spinal Cord Stimulation Patient Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lange ◽  
Heather Smith ◽  
Julia Prusik ◽  
Christopher Fama ◽  
Julie G. Pilitsis
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
External Measure

scholarly journals Prioritizing Program Elements: A Pretesting Effort to Improve Software Quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitrabinda Ray ◽  
Durga Prasad Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Business Value ◽  
High Impact ◽  
System Failures ◽  
Software Failures ◽  
Efficient Test ◽  
Prioritization Method ◽  
External Measure

Improving the efficiency of a testing process is a challenging task. Prior work has shown that often, a small number of bugs account for the majority of the reported software failures; and often, most bugs are found in a small portion of the source code of a program. First, prioritizing the code elements according to their criticality and then conducting testing, will promote to reveal the important bugs at the early phase of testing. Keeping it in view, we propose an efficient test effort prioritization method that give a chance to the tester to focus more on the parts of the source code that are highly influenced towards the system failures or in which, the failures have high impact on the system. We consider five important factors such as influence towards system failures, average execution time, structural complexity, severity, and business value associated with a component and estimates the criticality of the component within a system. We have experimentally proved that our proposed test effort prioritization approach is effective in revealing important bugs at the early phase of testing as it is linked to external measure of defect severity and business value, internal measure of frequency, complexity, and coupling.

7. Rule of law

2019 ◽  
pp. 143-163
Author(s):  
Anne Dennett
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Core Meaning ◽  
External Measure ◽  
Law Making

This chapter assesses the rule of law. The rule of law is a constitutional value or principle which measures good governance, fair law-making, and applying law in a just way. It acts as a protecting mechanism by preventing state officials from acting unfairly, unlawfully, arbitrarily, or oppressively. These are also key terms in judicial review. The rule of law is also regarded as an external measure for what a state does; if the rule of law breaks down in a state, it will fail to function in an internationally acceptable way. Ultimately, the core meaning of the rule of law is that the law binds everyone. This includes those in government, who must obey the law. Moreover, any action taken by the government must be authorised by law, that is, government needs lawful authority to act.

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