Geoscientific Applications of Particle Detection and Imaging Techniques with Special Focus on Monitoring Clay Mineral Reactions

Non-invasive longitudinal imaging of osseointegration of bone implants is essential to ensure a comprehensive, physical and biochemical understanding of the processes related to a successful implant integration and its long-term clinical outcome. This study critically reviews the present imaging techniques that may play a role to assess the initial stability, bone quality and quantity, associated tissue remodelling dependent on implanted material, implantation site (surrounding tissues and placement depth), and biomarkers that may be targeted. An updated list of biodegradable implant materials that have been reported in the literature, from metal, polymer and ceramic categories, is provided with reference to the use of specific imaging modalities (computed tomography, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging) suitable for longitudinal and non-invasive imaging in humans. The advantages and disadvantages of the single imaging modality are discussed with a special focus on preclinical imaging for biodegradable implant research. Indeed, the investigation of a new implant commonly requires histological examination, which is invasive and does not allow longitudinal studies, thus requiring a large number of animals for preclinical testing. For this reason, an update of the multimodal and multi-parametric imaging capabilities will be here presented with a specific focus on modern biomaterial research.

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Hierarchical Structure of the Cocos nucifera (Coconut) Endocarp: Functional Morphology and its Influence on Fracture Toughness

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25010223 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 223 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stefanie Schmier ◽

Naoe Hosoda ◽

Thomas Speck

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Functional Morphology ◽

Role Models ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Hierarchical Level ◽

Special Focus ◽

Toughening Mechanisms ◽

Hierarchical Levels ◽

Organ Level

In recent years, the biomimetic potential of lignified or partially lignified fruit pericarps has moved into focus. For the transfer of functional principles into biomimetic applications, a profound understanding of the structural composition of the role models is important. The aim of this study was to qualitatively analyze and visualize the functional morphology of the coconut endocarp on several hierarchical levels, and to use these findings for a more precise evaluation of the toughening mechanisms in the endocarp. Eight hierarchical levels of the ripe coconut fruit were identified using different imaging techniques, including light and scanning electron microscopy as well as micro-computer-tomography. These range from the organ level of the fruit (H0) to the molecular composition (H7) of the endocarp components. A special focus was laid on the hierarchical levels of the endocarp (H3–H6). This investigation confirmed that all hierarchical levels influence the crack development in different ways and thus contribute to the pronounced fracture toughness of the coconut endocarp. By providing relevant morphological parameters at each hierarchical level with the associated toughening mechanisms, this lays the basis for transferring those properties into biomimetic technical applications.

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Osteochondritis Dissecans: Etiology, Pathology, and Imaging with a Special Focus on the Knee Joint

Cartilage ◽

10.1177/1947603517715736 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 346-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Juergen Bruns ◽

Mathias Werner ◽

Christian Habermann

Keyword(s):

Osteochondritis Dissecans ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Long Term Results ◽

Special Focus ◽

Low Grade ◽

Aseptic Necrosis ◽

Growth Plates ◽

Open Growth Plates ◽

Number Of Publications

This article is a review of the current understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and how to diagnose and treat knee osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) followed by an analysis of and outcomes of the treatments available. OCD is seen in children and adolescents with open growth plates (juvenile OCD) and adults with closed growth plates (adult OCD). The etiology of OCD lesions remains unclear and is characterized by an aseptic necrosis in the subchondral bone area. Mechanical factors seem to play an important role. Clinical symptoms are unspecific. Thus, imaging techniques are most important. Regarding treatment, a tremendous number of publications exist. Spontaneous healing is expected unless there is an unstable fragment, and treatment involves rest and different degrees of immobilization until healing. Patients with open physes and low-grade lesions have good results with conservative therapy. When surgery is necessary, the procedure depends on the stage and on the state of the cartilage. With intact cartilage, retrograde procedures are favorable. When the cartilage is damaged, several techniques can be used. While techniques such as drilling and microfracturing produce reparative cartilage, other techniques reconstruct the defect with additional osteochondral grafts or cell-based procedures such as chondrocyte transplantation. There is a tendency toward better results when using procedures that reconstruct the bone and the cartilage and there is also a trend toward better long-term results when comorbidities are treated. Severe grades of osteoarthrosis are rare.

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Nonlinear plasmonic imaging techniques and their biological applications

Nanophotonics ◽

10.1515/nanoph-2015-0149 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 31-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Gitanjal Deka ◽

Chi-Kuang Sun ◽

Katsumasa Fujita ◽

Shi-Wei Chu

Keyword(s):

Optical Microscopy ◽

Nonlinear Optical ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Metal Nanostructures ◽

Special Focus ◽

Biological Applications ◽

Minimal Invasiveness ◽

Biological Studies ◽

Coherent Raman ◽

Nonlinear Imaging

AbstractNonlinear optics, when combined with microscopy, is known to provide advantages including novel contrast, deep tissue observation, and minimal invasiveness. In addition, special nonlinearities, such as switch on/off and saturation, can enhance the spatial resolution below the diffraction limit, revolutionizing the field of optical microscopy. These nonlinear imaging techniques are extremely useful for biological studies on various scales from molecules to cells to tissues. Nevertheless, in most cases, nonlinear optical interaction requires strong illumination, typically at least gigawatts per square centimeter intensity. Such strong illumination can cause significant phototoxicity or even photodamage to fragile biological samples. Therefore, it is highly desirable to find mechanisms that allow the reduction of illumination intensity. Surface plasmon, which is the collective oscillation of electrons in metal under light excitation, is capable of significantly enhancing the local field around the metal nanostructures and thus boosting up the efficiency of nonlinear optical interactions of the surrounding materials or of the metal itself. In this mini-review, we discuss the recent progress of plasmonics in nonlinear optical microscopy with a special focus on biological applications. The advancement of nonlinear imaging modalities (including incoherent/coherent Raman scattering, two/three-photon luminescence, and second/third harmonic generations that have been amalgamated with plasmonics), as well as the novel subdiffraction limit imaging techniques based on nonlinear behaviors of plasmonic scattering, is addressed.

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Mathematical and computational modelling of skin biophysics: a review

Proceedings of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.2017.0257 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 473 (2203) ◽

pp. 20170257 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Georges Limbert

Keyword(s):

Continuum Mechanics ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Computational Modelling ◽

Special Focus ◽

Constitutive Theories ◽

Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics ◽

Global Challenges ◽

Skin Wrinkles ◽

Nonlinear Continuum

The objective of this paper is to provide a review on some aspects of the mathematical and computational modelling of skin biophysics, with special focus on constitutive theories based on nonlinear continuum mechanics from elasticity, through anelasticity, including growth, to thermoelasticity. Microstructural and phenomenological approaches combining imaging techniques are also discussed. Finally, recent research applications on skin wrinkles will be presented to highlight the potential of physics-based modelling of skin in tackling global challenges such as ageing of the population and the associated skin degradation, diseases and traumas.

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Clinical utility of arterial spin labeling imaging in disorders of the nervous system

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/2019.9.focus19567 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. E5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sauson Soldozy ◽

Jacob Galindo ◽

Harrison Snyder ◽

Yusuf Ali ◽

Pedro Norat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neurological Disorders ◽

Arterial Spin Labeling ◽

Recent Literature ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Spin Labeling ◽

Vascular Imaging ◽

Special Focus ◽

Feasible Alternative ◽

Indispensable Tool

Neuroimaging is an indispensable tool in the workup and management of patients with neurological disorders. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is an imaging modality that permits the examination of blood flow and perfusion without the need for contrast injection. Noninvasive in nature, ASL provides a feasible alternative to existing vascular imaging techniques, including angiography and perfusion imaging. While promising, ASL has yet to be fully incorporated into the diagnosis and management of neurological disorders. This article presents a review of the most recent literature on ASL, with a special focus on its use in moyamoya disease, brain neoplasms, seizures, and migraines and a commentary on recent advances in ASL that make the imaging technique more attractive as a clinically useful tool.

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Diagnostic Utility Of Various Biomarkers For Prostate Cancer: A Review

Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College ◽

10.51985/jbumdc2019015 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 09 (02) ◽

pp. 151-155

Author(s):

Beenish Hussain Nomani ◽

Mohiuddin Alamgir

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Prostatic Carcinoma ◽

Early Stage ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Clinical Intervention ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Current Status ◽

Special Focus ◽

Diagnostic Utility ◽

Therapeutic Success

Prostate carcinoma is one of the most widespread occurring cancers in males and is the second most common cause of cancer related mortality in men around the world. The therapeutic success rate for prostate cancer can be greatly improved if the disease is detected at an early stage. Therefore, a successful therapy depends immensely on the clinical indicators (biomarkers) for early diagnosis and progression of the disease, as well as the prognosis after the clinical intervention. Despite of its limitations, prostate biopsy is the “gold standard” for diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Beyond the shadow of doubt, the advent of PSA level has marked a new era for the efficient screening of prostatic lesions, but PSA alone cannot be considered as an authentic tool for diagnosis. Therefore, the use of new imaging techniques and molecular markers are of great importance for an accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer. Recent advances in molecular techniques have provided new tools facilitating the discovery of new biomarkers for prostate cancer. The aim of this review is to examine the current status of prostate cancer biomarkers, with special focus the on their diagnostic utility and therefore determine a panel of two or three markers for the prompt diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.

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Recent Development of Optofluidics for Imaging and Sensing Applications

Chemosensors ◽

10.3390/chemosensors10010015 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Jiukai Tang ◽

Guangyu Qiu ◽

Jing Wang

Keyword(s):

Biochemical Analysis ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Special Focus ◽

Substantial Growth ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Control Units ◽

Transduction Mechanisms ◽

Fluidic Control ◽

Improved Performance ◽

New Applications

Optofluidics represents the interaction of light and fluids on a chip that integrates microfluidics and optics, which provides a promising optical platform for manipulating and analyzing fluid samples. Recent years have witnessed a substantial growth in optofluidic devices, including the integration of optical and fluidic control units, the incorporation of diverse photonic nanostructures, and new applications. All these advancements have enabled the implementation of optofluidics with improved performance. In this review, the recent advances of fabrication techniques and cutting-edge applications of optofluidic devices are presented, with a special focus on the developments of imaging and sensing. Specifically, the optofluidic based imaging techniques and applications are summarized, including the high-throughput cytometry, biochemical analysis, and optofluidic nanoparticle manipulation. The optofluidic sensing section is categorized according to the modulation approaches and the transduction mechanisms, represented by absorption, reflection/refraction, scattering, and plasmonics. Perspectives on future developments and promising avenues in the fields of optofluidics are also provided.

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