On the Peripheries of the Modern Western World: Delayed Social Reforms and Unfinished Industrial Revolution (1830–1870)

2018 ◽  
pp. 115-149
Author(s):  
Piotr Koryś
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Western World ◽  
Social Reforms

scholarly journals A Literature Review of Early Housing Units: History, Evolution, Economy and Functions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-78
Author(s):  
Rumana Khan Shirwani ◽  
Muhamad Kamran ◽  
Ayesha Mehmood Malik
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Western World ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Agricultural Societies ◽  
The Times

Housing and its evolution constitutes an important study for all councils. This paper limns the encyclopaedic timeline of housing from the times of pre-urban dwellings of nomadic, semi-nomadic, and sedentary agricultural societies to the present day, while focusing on the chunks of a comprehensive architecture, history and anthropology. A detailed literature review made it evident that early urban dwellings were insular and extended around an internal patio. Lately, these housing forms lasted in the original metropolitan house arrangements in the Islamic world, China, India, Latin America, the Iberian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent like Indus valley civilization. After the fall of the Roman Empire, there was a drift towards peripheral house forms which engaged the early forms of urban settlement in the world today. The study also revealed that the Middle Age dwellings functioned as both residences and work places, yet with the passage of time the buildings became more functionalized, thus dividing dwellings and work places from each other. With the advent of the industrial revolution, there were remarkable variations in the suburban expansion of housing in the western world that became isolated along socioeconomic outlines and the housing types diverged with less populated, single-family communities at one extreme and densely populated, high rise, multi-family apartments at the other extreme. It is concluded that the side effects of the American transportation system have resulted into rigorous peripheral dwellings which includes ineffective use of land, air contamination and the city degeneration suggesting solutions based on a rich variety of historical examples.

A Brief Historical Review of Western Approaches to Energy Design before Professionalism

2013 ◽  
Vol 365-366 ◽  
pp. 1289-1293
Author(s):  
Juliet Landler
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Western World ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Integrated Design Approach

For the last two decades most professional architectural and engineering associations have encouraged their members to embrace an integrated design approach to improve and minimize the energy flows through buildings, cities and the broader ecosystem. While the integrated design approach often is portrayed as relatively novel approach, the reality is that it is only since the rise of professionalism in the Western world that the building industry developed a disjointed approach to energy design in the built environment. Previously the professions of architecture and engineering were intertwined, and the architect-engineers of antiquity, the Renaissance and the Enlightenment still can serve as role models for how building industry professionals can take a unified approach to design even considering the complexities of modern building techniques. This paper attempts to provide a brief historical review of the integrated approach to energy design that many architect-engineers took before the industrial revolution.

scholarly journals 3D printing technology as a method for discovering new creative opportunities for architecture and design

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linas Krūgelis
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Western World ◽  
Geometrical Structures ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
3D Printing Technology

3D printing technology has been in existence for several decades and has long been used exclusively for industrial manufacturing or product prototyping, and today this rapidly progressing technology penetrates more and more effectively into creativity fields. It encourages re-evaluation of the possibilities and methods that every person today can create, model, change their living environment. Opens up new possibilities for customized architectural and product design. The world-wide technological experiments provide new and still untapped tools for future developers. The article analyzes the current situation of recent decade in the Western world regarding the use of three dimensional (3D) press in relation to the living environment. The study highlights emerging trends and new opportunities for creativity for architects and designers. From printing complex geometrical structures to practical application in product design. The research analyzes the research of different authors, and some significant technological innovations. All this makes it possible to concentrate and effectively evaluate the direction of the development of this industry and the expected result for the future development of architecture in contemporary digital age. Since 3D printing in architecture and landscape design is not yet widely used, the article discusses the most recent experiments conducted by various researchers in recent years, reflecting the trends of the fourth industrial revolution and which can influence further architectural development. The research methodology is based on historical research, analogical descriptive and comparative methods. The results of the research suggest that, as the 3d printing technology grows and develops, architecture and the design of the environment will acquire a wider variety of artistic expression.

scholarly journals Die gemeenskapsverpleegkundige in perspektief

Curationis ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
W.C. Grobbelaar
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Community Nursing ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Nursing Services ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Nursing Courses ◽  
Basic Course

Community nursing originated in the care given to families, mostly by the women, in primitive societies. The Christian religion had a marked influence on the development of community care with the deaconnesses being regarded as the first visiting nurses. Throughout the middle ages there were nursing orders who worked in the community but social reforms after the industrial revolution led to the emergence of secular district nursing services. The services rendered however tended to become specialised and thus fragmented. Community nursing today involves comprehensive family centered care to individuals and groups in the community by professionally qualified nurses. They work independently and are accountable for their own actions. The nature of the service rendered depends on the community being served. The population profile, disease profile and health care needs differ vastly between highly developed and developing communities. However, irrespective of the type of community being served the community nurse is a co-ordinator in the health team and must render a comprehensive and family-centred health service. Basic nursing education alone does not prepare the nurse adequately for the comprehensive community nursing task. It is suggested that community nursing for registration should be an option in the integrated basic nursing courses. Provision must be made for a program for registration for those who did not include community nursing in their basic course, and for advanced formal programs and informal continuing education programs in community nursing.

Resolving the Needham Puzzle: Let the Evidence Speak—An Explanation on the Origin of China's Tobacco Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 5246-5256
Author(s):  
Ye Bin ◽  
Hsiung Bingyuan ◽  
Tsai Pi-Han
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Western World ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Needham Puzzle

In 1954, the famous British historian Joseph Needham put forward a famous puzzle in the preface to his Science and Civilisation in China: before the 15th century, China's civilization was ahead of that of Western countries, both in terms of economics and technology; however, China suffered a disastrous decline in the subsequent era, while its Western counterparts underwent the Industrial Revolution and became the great powers of the world. Thus, Needham asked, why did the scientific revolution, which had taken place in the Western world since the 16th century, not originate in China? This paper has broken new ground both methodologically and substantively concerning the Needham Puzzle. By applying the data found in Chinese historical bibliographies of China as a proxy for the changes in the knowledge stock, this paper proposes the institutional change hypothesis and provides empirical evidence for the dynamic trend of China’s technological development, thereby providing a possible explanation for the Needham Puzzle. And the loss of human capital in science and technology constitutes a necessary condition for the origin of China's tobacco industry. Because the tobacco planting industry is a labour-intensive industry, rather than a technology-intensive industry.

Arithmetic in Teacher Training

1932 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Ben Sueltz
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Western World ◽  
Practical Calculation ◽  
School Time ◽  
Long Time

Except for the fact that arithmetic is a subject for study in all or nearly all of our elementary schools we perhaps would not be spending any of our valuable time in the teacher training institutions in preparing the neophyte teachers for the rather serious task of teaching arithmetic. Isn't it curious that arithmetic is being taught so prominently in our elementary levels of instruction? Have not we all heard reformers say that all the arithmetic needed by the average citizen can be learned in six months? Why then do we spend eleven and six-tenths per cent of the school time in grades one to six in the study of arithmetic? 1 The writer does not wish to enter fully into the arguments of this controversial question but in order to give an historical setting for the material which will be presented later, it seems wise to point out at this time that arithmetic was once considered too vulgar to be included in the elementary school curriculum. A fuller discussion of the beginnings of arithmetic as a school subject would show how our term arithmetic gradually came to include both ancient arithmetic (theoretical work with numbers) and logistic (practical calculation) and how for a long time the schools of non-commercial Europe looked at this study as one to be pursued by only that menial class of people who stooped so low as to gain a living through barter and commerce. Also an historical consideration would show how arithmetic grew in prominence and importance as the industrial revolution began to peacefully transform the point of view of the Western world from which we have taken our heritage of social institutions as well as of our physical beings.

A Discussion on manufacturing technology in the 1980s - Introductory remarks

1973 ◽  
Vol 275 (1250) ◽  
pp. 311-311
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Western World ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Continuous Processes ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The One

I would like to join the President in welcoming you to this discussion meeting on Manufacturing Technology in the 1980s. Before going any further I should say that the lion’s share of the organization has been done by Dr Williamson. In addition to finding many of the speakers he has had to deal with every question which has arisen during the last month as I have been away on a month’s visit to India, Australia and the United States. This is the third discussion meeting in the Royal Society series dealing with technological developments in the 1980s. The first two meetings dealt with building and ship technology, while the one after this is concerned with agricultural productivity. Manufacturing covers the entire range of industries from continuous processes like those in the metallurgical and chemical industries involving large capital expenditure, to the backstreet workshop producing components for local sale or for larger industries. In the United Kingdom, and in nearly all advanced countries, manufacturing is by far the largest single element in the gross national product. A consideration of future developments is therefore something which will affect a large proportion of the working population. While this meeting cannot hope to cover all aspects of the subject, the organizers have arranged the programme to cover the spectrum from continuous processes to batch manufacture. In the formal papers the speakers will examine trends of development not only in technical matters but also in human and environmental terms. It has been said that the Western world is entering a second Industrial Revolution in which industries will have to provide greater intellectual stimulus for their workers, particularly those working on mass-production processes, much better communication between management and workers, and much greater consideration for the environment both inside and outside the factory. Meeting these problems is likely to absorb every bit as much management and engineering talent as has gone into the technical achievements of the last hundred years.

scholarly journals “Agrarians” Versus “Industrializers”

1967 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Lebovics
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
German Society ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Western World ◽  
Social Democratic Party ◽  
New Era ◽  
Machine Age ◽  
Massive Scale

In his bookImperial Germany and the Industrial RevolutionThorstein Veblen argued that the relative lateness of the advent of German industrialization permitted her to avoid “the penalty of taking the lead”. She could borrow on a massive scale from the accumulated knowledge and technology of already industrialized societies. While this judgment may hold true on the purely technological level, it is not true that German society made the transition from the basically agrarian-commercial society of the mid-nineteenth century to the predominantly industrial society of the twentieth century without penalties. In recent years specialists on the developing nations have directed our attention to the dislocation, hardships, and complexity which the processes of industrialisation, urbanization, and modernization are introducing into traditional societies. In our scholarly concern for the problems of development in the non-Western world, we have, until quite recently, tended to forget that large segments of the populations of European societies had to be “dragged kicking and screaming into the twentieth century”, to use Adlai Stevenson's telling phrase. In the case of Germany around 1900 only part of the nation was brought into the new era while another sizeable portion of the population, to Germany's later misfortune, was aided by the Imperial Establishment in its efforts to build a protective wall around itself to keep out the new machine age. I shall argue that the strongest part of that wall was erected in the years between 1894 and 1902, between the fall of Caprivi and the passage of the protective tariff of 1902. In these years German society endured an economic and intellectual crisis which extended beyond merely the selfish attempts of the East Elbian Junkers to maintain their economic and political position. Peasant proprietors were deeply involved. Artisans were affected. And even the leading theoreticians of the Social Democratic party stood confused before the crisis.

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