Resolving the Needham Puzzle: Let the Evidence Speak—An Explanation on the Origin of China's Tobacco Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 5246-5256
Author(s):  
Ye Bin ◽  
Hsiung Bingyuan ◽  
Tsai Pi-Han
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Western World ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Needham Puzzle

In 1954, the famous British historian Joseph Needham put forward a famous puzzle in the preface to his Science and Civilisation in China: before the 15th century, China's civilization was ahead of that of Western countries, both in terms of economics and technology; however, China suffered a disastrous decline in the subsequent era, while its Western counterparts underwent the Industrial Revolution and became the great powers of the world. Thus, Needham asked, why did the scientific revolution, which had taken place in the Western world since the 16th century, not originate in China? This paper has broken new ground both methodologically and substantively concerning the Needham Puzzle. By applying the data found in Chinese historical bibliographies of China as a proxy for the changes in the knowledge stock, this paper proposes the institutional change hypothesis and provides empirical evidence for the dynamic trend of China’s technological development, thereby providing a possible explanation for the Needham Puzzle. And the loss of human capital in science and technology constitutes a necessary condition for the origin of China's tobacco industry. Because the tobacco planting industry is a labour-intensive industry, rather than a technology-intensive industry.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AS A FACTOR OF ACCELERATING ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-244
Author(s):  
E.B. LENCHUK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Scientific And Technological Development

The article deals with the modern processes of changing the technological basis of the world economy on the basis of large-scale transition to the use of technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, shaping new markets and opens up prospects for sustainable economic growth. It is in the scientific and technological sphere that the competition between countries is shifting. Russia remains nearly invisible player in this field. The author tried to consider the main reasons for such a lag and identify a set of measures of state scientific and technological policy that can give the necessary impetus to the scientific and technological development of Russia.

The Needham Puzzle Reconsidered: Organizations, Organizing, and Innovation in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mie Augier ◽  
Jerry Guo ◽  
Harry Rowen
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Innovation System ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
Needham Puzzle

ABSTRACT This paper discusses some aspects of innovation in China. As China seeks to transition to a knowledge-based economy, it may become more important for China to develop innovative technologies to sustain economic growth. How do China's history, culture, institutions, and organizations aid or hinder innovation? How does China's national innovation system compare to the innovation culture in the US, as well as other developed and emerging economies? What are the prospects for the future of the Chinese national innovation system? Our starting point is the Needham Puzzle – the paradox that while China was once a world leader in technological development, it fell behind; the Industrial Revolution happened in Europe rather than in China. Potential explanations for the Needham Puzzle may shed light on the challenges facing innovation in modern China. We identify three factors that might help explain the Needham Puzzle; assess how the Needham Puzzle and Chinese culture and history have affected the modern innovation system; discuss comparative aspects of innovation ecosystems in the United States and elsewhere; and suggest that Chinese innovation emphasizes exploitation and refinement of existing knowledge to the exploration and development of new knowledge. We also discuss implications for the future of innovation in China.

scholarly journals Study of innovative activity of the distributive industries of the Russian Federation in the context of the world economy digitalization and globalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 926-941
Author(s):  
Ibragim Agaevich Ramazanov ◽  
Svetlana Viktorovna Panasenko ◽  
Vyacheslav Petrovich Cheglov ◽  
Elena Anatol’evna Krasil’nikova ◽  
Alexander Fedorovich Nikishin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Retail Chains ◽  
Trade Sector

The article presents the results of a study of innovative activity of companies in the trade sector. It is proved that Russian companies show low innovative activity in the commercial area. The authors conclude that the implementation of innovative activities in the context of the globalization of markets, the development of the digital economy, and the industrial revolution 4.0 is a necessary condition for the functioning of companies in the trade sector. Russian retail chains are entering a stage of crisis development and increased competition from global retail chains. Only those companies that are promptly aware of the need for innovative activity will be able to get out of the crisis.

scholarly journals KEY TRENDS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT: NEW CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Олександр Амоша ◽  
Ірина Підоричева ◽  
Анатолій Землянкін
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Public Corporations ◽  
The World ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Private And Public

Introduction. Globalization 4.0 and the underlying technological innovations have been leading the world into a new phase of development – cyber-physical systems and talents – an era that has no historical precedent in terms of scale, speed, and depth of changes. Problem Statement. The latest waves of globalization and industrial revolution bear unprecedented challenges and development prospects that countries, regions, corporations, and individuals must be aware of in order to adequately respond and to make adequate decisions. Purpose. Identification and analysis of key development trends in the world economy related to globalization and revolutionary technological transformations in their unity and interdependence, one of which is the development of a network economy as the next economic revolution based on trust, negotiations, diplomacy, and a culture of mutual assistance. Materials and Methods. Analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis and systemic approach have been used for this research. Scientific reports of international organizations, private and public corporations, foreign and Ukrainian scholarly research publications on this issue have been used as references. Results. The main features of Globalization 4.0 and the fourth industrial revolution, which are fundamentally transforming the global economic, social, and geopolitical landscape have been generalized and systematized. The periodization of the globalization waves, as compared with the phases of the industrial revolutions, has been made. This has allowed a comprehensive analysis of the processes of globalization and technological development in their unity and interdependence and further substantiation of the key development trends in the world economy. Conclusion. Globalization 4.0 and the fourth industrial revolution have been transforming all areas of society throughout the world, and therefore should be taken into account when making strategic decisions at all levels of management, from corporate to international.

Proliferation of Population and Pollutants-Pathway for a Grave Future: Comparison of Past and Present Indian Scenario – A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
S. Shevarjun ◽  
Ponnuraj Radika ◽  
Rajaram Senthil
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Human Race ◽  
The World ◽  
Central Pollution Control Board ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
Human Kind ◽  
Indian Scenario

The environment we live in is very fragile and has a delicate balance. In the current era, the human kind is consuming the natural resources at a higher rate than it can produce it and is generating wastes at a higher rate than the environment can remove it. Because of anthropocentric ideology, human race believes in development through destruction. The urge for luxury and sophistication has given an impetus to industrial revolution and technological development. This has lead to exponential consumption of resources of the world. To worsen this scenario, the world has undergone huge population explosion in the 19th century. This has increased pressure on all available resources. Hence, in order to meet the current demands, people started using unsustainable technologies leading to huge pollution in all sectors. In this paper, the adverse effect of population growth in India on various factors like water pollution, emissions of CO2 and green house gases are discussed. The data for analysis are based on the statistics of United Nations Population Division, The WorldBank data bank and Central Pollution Control Board of India.

scholarly journals PERANAN DAKWAH DALAM MEDIA WEBSITE DAN PENGARUHNYA DI MASYARAKAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Hijaz Tahir Hijaz Tahir ◽  
Syamsu Tang ◽  
Saifullah Saifullah
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Western World ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Means

Abstract The Western world, communication technology and mass media, have a big hand in building and establishing the moral principles of society. Internet media in particular, have a major role in introducing new norms of society. For the Islamic Ummah it is necessary to strengthen the missionary motivation which takes up so much time and attention of the majority Muslim community. Even now the technological means have been dubbed by the people of various terms for example, as a corona screen, a magic box, a window to the world and so on. The rapid introduction of new norms was made possible because the media moved with the principle of freedom of expression without preaching motivation, so that these principles were often used as a pretext for pursuing worldly interests. Unfortunately, many developing countries, including those claiming to be Muslim countries, follow this trend. As a result, Muslims around the world have been trapped in a foreign conceptual framework, which resulted in a media invasion of their value system, ethical perceptions, moral standards, sociocultural views, and even their religious beliefs. Therefore, Islam needs to set a da'wah strategy in all aspects of life through communication systems, especially electronic media that affect many people. This should not be ignored, and must be directed in accordance with Islamic perinsif which covers all aspects of life through the da'wah strategy. Technological development cannot be dammed. The role of Muslim communicators must defend the truth so that justice remains upheld. Justice cannot possibly be upheld without safeguarding the truth and this is the main task for the Islamic Ummah to carry out scientific charity including one of which is the application user in the mass media.   Keywords ; Da'wah, technology, mass media

scholarly journals The crisis of the metaphysical foundations of human existence as a global problem of post-modernityand the ways of managerial solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPE1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitalina A. Nikitenko ◽  
Valentyna H. Voronkova ◽  
Regina Andriukaitiene ◽  
Roman I. Oleksenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
The World

The relevance of the study of the crisis of the metaphysical foundations of human existence is due to the fact that humanity is in a crisis of global development of the world associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution 4.0, the technological development of the world, the demographic and environmental crisis, the epidemic of the coronavirus COVID-19. The purpose of the study is to conceptualize the socio-philosophical reflection of the crisis of the metaphysical foundations of human existence, which is a global problem of our time, which threatens our civilization, is associated with economic and social development, with many problems, including the problem of COVID-19. The objectives of the research are to identify the problems of the metaphysical dimensions of human existence and find ways that promise to lead to great achievements - to raise living standards, create new economic opportunities, solve anthropological, existential and ontological problems of human being associated with the real de-objectification of human existence, loss of the integrity of self-determination.The scientific novelty of the research is that it presents a solution to new problems of the crisis of the metaphysical foundations of human existence and ways to solve them.

scholarly journals Perubahan Motif Wisata Pada Era Industri 4.0 (Case study : Sam Poo Kong Temple, Semarang)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
I D Murtadha Isnan ◽  
Pramesi Lokaprasidha
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The World ◽  
Use Of Social Media

Abstract  The industrial revolution 4.0 is not only a technological development from the previous era, but it is also able to turn off conventional business. Internet connectivity that connects all parts of the world with just the touch of a finger on a smartphone is able to turn off the industry, one of which is conventional transportation services that exist today. The industrial revolution 4.0 will also bring the distance between producers and their target markets to a close relation. Digital marketing is a way to promote products/brands through internet. Through advertising on social media or e-commerce. In the world of tourism, motivation is one important factor for tourists in making decisions about tourist destinations to be visited. Tourists will have perceptions of possible tourist destinations, where these perceptions can be generated by individual preferences, prior experience, and information that can be obtained. The current motivation of tourists to Sam Poo Kong Temple has begun to change, which once had a religious motive but now has changed to a motive for social status. Sam Poo Kong temple which has spiritual and cultural values ​​especially for Confucians changes in line with the times in the millennial era. Orientation on the use of social media can change the visiting trend and support psychological needs in terms of popularity on social media pages.  Keywords: Digital marketing, Tourist Motives, Revolusi industry 4.0, Sam Poo Kong Temple

scholarly journals The 4th Industrial Revolution Requires Strong Intellectual Property Laws: Where does Thailand Stand?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1294-1306
Author(s):  
Nucharee Nuchkoom SMITH
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intellectual Property Right ◽  
World Intellectual Property Organization ◽  
The World

Strong and fair intellectual property rights legislation is an essential foundation for the 4th industrial revolution. It is required to protect the increasingly rapid advances in all areas of technology and science as well as the pursuits of human endeavor. At the same time, countries must be allowed to adopt measures necessary to protect public health and nutrition and the public interest in sectors of vital importance to the socio-economic and technological development. Thailand is covered with the intellectual property treaties under both the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization. This paper describes the protections afforded under Thailand’s intellectual property laws. The analysis shows that the coverage of the Thai legislation is extensive and fairly robust-protecting the intellectual property rights of Thailand as well as those of the wider world community. However, there are some shortcomings. Copyright protections still do not fully protect performer’s rights. It has been argued also that the protection of the rights of breeders of new plant varieties should be enhanced and fashion designs specifically protected. Copyright violations are by far the major infringement of intellectual property right laws. This requires a rigorous and consistent enforcement regime. It must be acknowledged that the enforcement has improved over the last few years. This has been recognized by the United States Trade representatives who, in December 2017, moved Thailand from the priority Watchlist to its Watchlist because the country is able to resolve issues in and engage on intellectual property issues with the United States.

Management of sustainable innovation for national development

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Alvaro Cristian Sánchez Mercado
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
National Development ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The World ◽  
End Use ◽  
Research Centres ◽  
Scientific And Technological Development

Throughout history the development of the countries has been generated mainly by the impulse in two complementary axes: Science and Technology, and Trade. At present we are experiencing an exponential scientific and technological development and the Economy in all its fronts is driven by the intensive application of technology. According to these considerations, this research tries to expose the development of Innovation Management as a transversal mechanism to promote the different socioeconomic areas and especially those supported by engineering. To this end, use will be made of Technology Watch in order to identify the advances of the main research centres related to innovation in the world. Next, there will be an evaluation of the main models of Innovation Management and related methodologies that expose some of the existing Innovation Observatories in the world to finally make a proposal for Innovation Management applicable to the reality of Peru, so that it can be taken into consideration by stakeholders (Government, Academy, Business and Civil Society) committed to Innovation Management in the country

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