Nonparametric estimation of disease incidence from a cross-sectional sample of a stationary population

1990 ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Keiding ◽  
Bettina E. Hansen ◽  
Claus Holst
Keyword(s):  
Nonparametric Estimation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Stationary Population ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of Pesticide Use and Knowledge of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Uganda

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Sikhu Okonya ◽  
Jürgen Kroschel
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Regulation Policy ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
And Storage

In response to increased pest and disease problems, potato farmers use pesticides, which could raise environmental and health concerns. This study sought to promote proper and safe pesticide-handling practices by providing data needed to guide pesticide regulation policy and training for extension staff and farmers. A household survey was conducted in three major potato-growing agroecological zones of Uganda. Two hundred and four potato farmers were interviewed about the type and source of pesticides they use in potato cultivation, the frequency of applications, the use of protective clothing, and cases of pesticide poisoning. The types of pesticides used in potato were fungicides (72%), insecticides (62%), and herbicides (3%). Overall, use of personal protective equipment was low, that is, gumboots (73%), gloves (7%), face masks (16%), and long sleeve shirts (42%). Forty-three percent of farmers who applied pesticides reported having experienced skin itching, 25% skin burning sensation, 43% coughing, 60% a runny nose, 27% teary eyes, and 42% dizziness. An IPM approach involving only moderately to slightly hazardous pesticides when pest and disease incidence has reached economic injury levels and by considering all safety measures during application and storage would be environmentally recommendable and result in reduced health risks.

scholarly journals Rootstock Effects on Almond Leaf Scorch Disease Incidence and Severity

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1617-1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Krugner ◽  
C. A. Ledbetter
Keyword(s):  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Symptom Remission ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Etiological Heterogeneity ◽  
Tree Performance ◽  
Severe Leaf ◽  
Almond Leaf Scorch

A 5-year field study was conducted to evaluate effects of duration and exclusion of Xylella fastidiosa infections on young almond tree performance and their links to tree vigor. ‘Nemaguard,’ ‘Okinawa,’ ‘Nonpareil,’ and Y119 were used as rootstocks for almond scion ‘Sonora.’ Among X. fastidiosa-infected trees, there was significant etiological heterogeneity with i) absence of leaf scorching symptoms in the presence of reduced growth, ii) presence of leaf scorching symptoms in the absence of reduced growth, and iii) severe leaf scorching and reduced growth. Trunk cross sectional areas of X. fastidiosa-infected trees grafted on ‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Nonpareil’ rootstocks were significantly smaller than noninfected trees, whereas trunk size of trees grafted on ‘Okinawa’ and Y119 was not affected by infection status. Severity of leaf scorching symptoms was highest on trees grafted on ‘Nonpareil’ rootstock, intermediate on ‘Okinawa’ and Y119, and lowest on ‘Nemaguard.’ X. fastidiosa infections and seasonal leaf scorching symptoms persisted on most inoculated trees throughout the study, except on trees grafted on ‘Nemaguard’ that manifested complete leaf scorching symptom remission and apparent elimination of the pathogen after the second year. Results indicate that depending on rootstock type X. fastidiosa can affect trunk size in a relatively short period and/or persist for years as trees grow.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Opportunities for Prevention of the Periodontal Diseases Among the Pregnant Women in Tbilisi

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veriko Tevzadze ◽  
Ketevan Nanobashvili
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Task: Although periodontal inflammatory diseases are very often during pregnancy, little is known about the risk factors that increase the frequency of periodontal disease incidence and affect its development during pregnancy. This descriptive study assesses the prevalence of periodontal diseases among pregnant women in Tbilisi, the impact of their socio-economic status, hygiene habits, and level of knowledge on their periodontal status. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study conducted among pregnant women. The respondents were distributed by Gynecological Centers and districts in Tbilisi. The survey was conducted at 24 Gynecological Centers. The target group of the study was 222 pregnant women aged 18 to 45 living in Tbilisi. The tool used in this study is a Structured Electronic Questionnaire. The oral health of the target group representatives was assessed by periodontal indices, the CPITN-index, and OHI-Jack R.Vermillion's oral hygiene index. Data entry and statistical analysis were carried out using the statistical program SPSS 23.0. Results: The current pregnancy for most of the respondents (36%) is the second, 53.2% of the pregnant women are in the second trimester of the pregnancy, 50,5% of the respondents are bachelors’ student or have completed a bachelor's stage of the study. Due to the employment status, 47.7% of them are housewives, and 61.1% evaluate their economical condition as satisfactory; 32,9% of the respondents have dental insurance, and only 13,3% use this insurance for this purpose. 68.8% of the pregnant women address the dentist only in case of pain or discomfort, 67.3% of them have bleeding gums, 66.5% of them feel pain or discomfort in the oral cavity and 59% of them have swelling/pain in their gums. Only 9% of gynecologists recommend their patients plan a visit to the dentist. Pregnant women’s awareness about the safety of dental manipulations is also quite low and it is 22.1 %. The statistical testing of the difference due to the qualitative variables was carried out using the Pearson's chi-square method; the index of signification (p), which was less than 0.05, at (p<0.05) was considered as statistically significant.

scholarly journals SURVEY KEPADATAN LARVA AEDES AEGYPTI DI KECAMATAN MAMUJU KABUPATEN MAMUJU

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Zrimurti Mappau ◽  
Siti Rahmah ◽  
Ridhayani Adiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Size Determination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Larvae Density

Aedes aegypti is a vector of dengue fever. Vector density may be effect of disease incidence because of the high density and highly resistant to increase of the disease. Larvae density in an area influenced by availabiloty of kontainers. The objective of this study to determine of larvae density of Aedes aegypti mosquito in endemic and non endemic area in Mamuju District based on House Index value, Kontainer Index value, Breteau Index value, and Density Figure level. We did observasional study with cross sectional by collected data and observation to larvae density of Aedes aegypti in its kontainers. Sample size determination using simple random sampling Lemeshow formula as much as 340 in endemic area and 295 in non endemic area. Based on density figure level, endemic and non endemic area included in average category so that area potential for the occurance of infection.

scholarly journals Soil Microbial Contamination And Its Impact On Child Diarrheal Disease Incidence In Ulaanbaatar

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myagmardorj Oyunchimeg ◽  
Badrakh Burmaajav ◽  
Altangerel Enkhjargal ◽  
Sambuu Tsegmed ◽  
Batbaatar Suvd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mortality Factor ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five

Air and soil contamination in developing countries exacerbates due to poor management of waste collection and serves as a morbidity and mortality factor. This study aimed to conduct an assessment of soil pollution level in Ulaanbaatar and establish а correlation between microbial contamination and registered occurrences of contagious diarrheal diseases among children (0-5 years old). This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Ulaanbaatar in June-September of 2016. Samples of soil and contagious diarrheal disease morbidity data in 0-5-year-old children were used. Samples were taken from the sites three times, in July, August, and September. The data analysis was done in the SPSS-21 program and relevant parametric and non-parametric tests were used. The highest level microorganisms were found in the samples taken from sites near major markets and then in the samples from ger areas. The analysis of the samples revealed that 111.78 microorganisms exceed the standard level 1.1 times in summer. The Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Proteus also contaminated the ground water. All diarrhea occasions in Ulaanbaatar were analyzed by seasons and months, the prevalence was peaking in August. A correlation was found with the soil E.Coli titers and infectious diarrheal disease children under five years old morbidity. The number of microorganisms in soil tends to increase in summer. Diarrheal disease infections among children under five increase most in summer and autumn and correlate with soil contamination with pathogenic microorganisms.

scholarly journals Health Literacy Associations with Periodontal Disease among Slovak Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2152
Author(s):  
Silvia Timková ◽  
Tatiana Klamárová ◽  
Eva Kovaľová ◽  
Bohuslav Novák ◽  
Peter Kolarčik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Periodontal Index ◽  
Community Periodontal Index

Periodontal disease is inflammation of the gums and without good oral hygiene, it can progress to periodontitis. Oral hygiene might be related to a patient’s health literacy (HL), defined as ability to gain access, understand, and use information to promote and maintain good health. The aim of our study is to examine the associations of HL with indicators of periodontal disease. A cross-sectional study on 1117 adults (36.2% males; mean age = 36.4, SD = 14.2) attending dental hygiene treatment was conducted. Data on demographics, socioeconomic status, and nine domains of HL (Health Literacy Questionnaire, HLQ) were collected by questionnaire, and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) was established by the dental hygienist. Data were analysed using t-tests and logistic regression. Respondents with periodontal disease (N = 152) had statistically significantly lower levels of HL in seven out of nine HLQ domains compared to intact patients (N = 818) (t from 3.03 to 4.75, p < 0.01). Association of higher HL in seven domains with lower chance of diagnosed periodontal disease remain significant even after adjustment for age, gender and educational attainment (adjusted ORs 0.55–0.67, p < 0.05). Our findings confirm that an individual’s lower HL is significantly associated with higher chance of periodontal disease incidence, specifically among Slovak adults attending oral hygiene clinics. HL might be a promising factor in the improvement of oral health in this population, worthy of consideration in intervention and preventive activities.

Leishmania infantum: illness, transmission profile and risk factors for asymptomatic infection in an endemic metropolis in Brazil

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
LETÍCIA HELENA DOS SANTOS MARQUES ◽  
IARA CAIXETA MARQUES DA ROCHA ◽  
ILKA AFONSO REIS ◽  
GISELE MACEDO RODRIGUES DA CUNHA ◽  
EDWARD OLIVEIRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Risks

SUMMARYTo evaluate the distribution of asymptomatic infection by Leishmania infantum in a metropolis in Brazil with different relative risks (RRs) for disease and risk factors associated with the infection, an ecological study was conducted using a Bayesian approach to estimate the RR of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) based on cases between 2008 and 2011. The areas were categorized and selected according to disease incidence: low (area-1), medium (area-2) and high (area-3). Cross-sectional study enrolling 935 children was used to estimate the prevalence of infection by L. infantum. Volunteers from these three areas were tested for L. infantum infection by ELISA (rK39 and soluble antigens). Infection prevalence rates were estimated and compared with the RR of disease. Multilevel logistic regression model evaluated the relationship between infection and the analysed variables. The RR of HVL was distributed heterogeneously in the municipality. The infection prevalence rates were: 34·9% in area-1; 29·3% in area-2; and 33·6% in area-3, with no significant differences between these areas. The variables ‘Presence of backyards in the neighbourhood’ and ‘Younger children’ were associated with L. infantum infection. We conclude that infection by L. infantum affects a significant proportion of the infant population regardless of the RR of disease.

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