Winter Ozone Transport Variations and the Montreal Protocol Impact as Revealed by the Total Ozone Ground-Based Measurements over the Russian Territory in 1973–2005

2009 ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor L. Karol ◽  
Arkady M. Shalamyansky ◽  
Anna A. Solomatnikova ◽  
Eugenia A. Titova
Keyword(s):  
Total Ozone ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Russian Territory ◽  
Ozone Transport

scholarly journals Total ozone trends and variability during 1979–2012 from merged datasets of various satellites

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 30407-30452 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Chehade ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
M. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Eddy Heat Flux ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract. The study presents a~long term statistical trend analysis of total ozone datasets obtained from various satellites. A multi-variate linear regression was applied to annual mean zonal mean data using various natural and anthropogenic explanatory variables that represent dynamical and chemical processes which modify global ozone distributions in a changing climate. The study investigated the magnitude and zonal distribution of the different atmospheric chemical and dynamical factors to long-term total ozone changes. The regression model included the equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), the 11 yr solar cycle, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), stratospheric aerosol loading describing the effects from major volcanic eruptions, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Arctic and Antarctic Oscillation (AO/AAO), and accumulated eddy heat flux (EHF), the latter representing changes due to the Brewer–Dobson circulation. The total ozone column dataset used here comprises the SBUV/TOMS/OMI merged data (1979–2012) MOD V8.0, the SBUV/SBUV-2 merged V8.6 and the merged GOME/SCIAMACHY/GOME-2 (GSG) WFDOAS merged data (1995–2012). The trend analysis was performed for twenty six 5° wide latitude bands from 65° S to 65° N, the analysis explained most of the ozone variability. The results show that QBO dominates the ozone variability in the tropics (±7 DU) while at higher latitudes, the dynamical indices, AO/AAO and eddy heat flux, have substantial influence on total ozone variations by up to ±10 DU. Volcanic aerosols are only prominent during the eruption periods and these together with the ENSO signal are more evident in the Northern Hemisphere. The signature of the solar cycle is evident over all latitudes and contributes about 10 DU from solar maximum to solar minimum. EESC is found to be a main contributor to the long-term ozone decline and the trend changes after the end of 1990s. A positive significant trend in total ozone columns is found after 1997 (between 1 and 8.2 DU decade−1) which points at the slowing of ozone decline and the onset of ozone recovery. The EESC based trends are compared with the trends obtained from the statistical piecewise linear trend (PWLT or hockey stick) model with a turnaround in 1997 to examine the differences between both approaches. Similar and significant pre-turnaround trends are observed. On the other hand, our results do indicate that the positive PWLT turnaround trends are larger than indicated by the EESC trends, however, they agree within 2-sigma, thus demonstrating the success of the Montreal Protocol phasing out of the ozone depleting substances (ODS). A sensitivity study is carried out by comparing the regression results, using SBUV MOD 8.0 merged time series (1979–2012) and a merged dataset combining TOMS/SBUV (1979–June 1995) and GOME/SCIAMACHY/GOME-2 ("GSG") WFDOAS (Weighting Function DOAS) (July 1995–2012) as well as SBUV/SBUV-2 MOD 8.6 (1979–2012) in the regression analysis in order to investigate the uncertainty in the long-term trends due to different ozone datasets and data versions. Replacing the late SBUV merged data record with GSG data (unscaled and adjusted) leads to very similar results demonstrating the high consistency between satellite datasets. However, the comparison of the new SBUV merged Mod V8.6 with the V8.0 data showed somewhat smaller sensitivities with regard to several proxies, however, the EESC and PWLT trends are very similar. On the other hand, the new MOD 8.6 data in the PWLT model revealed a~reduced ODS related upward trend after 1997.

scholarly journals Brewer spectrometer total ozone column measurements in Sodankylä

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomi Karppinen ◽  
Kaisa Lakkala ◽  
Juha M. Karhu ◽  
Pauli Heikkinen ◽  
Rigel Kivi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Ozone Column ◽  
Measurement Practices ◽  
Ozone Column

Abstract. Brewer total ozone column measurements started in Sodankylä in May 1988, 9 months after the signing of The Montreal Protocol. The Brewer instrument has been well maintained and frequently calibrated since then to produce a high-quality ozone time series now spanning more than 25 years. The data have now been uniformly reprocessed between 1988 and 2014. The quality of the data has been assured by automatic data rejection rules as well as by manual checking. Daily mean values calculated from the highest-quality direct sun measurements are available 77 % of time with up to 75 measurements per day on clear days. Zenith sky measurements fill another 14 % of the time series and winter months are sparsely covered by moon measurements. The time series provides information to survey the evolution of Arctic ozone layer and can be used as a reference point for assessing other total ozone column measurement practices.

scholarly journals Dobson, Brewer, ERA-40 and ERA-Interim original and merged total ozone data sets – evaluation of differences: a case study, Hradec Králové (Czech), 1961–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Vaníček ◽  
L. Metelka ◽  
P. Skřivánková ◽  
M. Staněk
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Missing Measurements ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Ozone Data

Abstract. Homogenized data series of total ozone measurements taken by the regularly and well calibrated Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers at Hradec Králové (Czech) and the data from the re-analyses ERA-40 and ERA-Interim were merged and compared to investigate differences between the particular data sets originated in Central Europe, the Northern Hemisphere (NH) mid-latitudes. The Dobson-to-Brewer transfer function and the algorithm for approximation of the data from the re-analyses were developed, tested and applied for creation of instrumentally consistent and completed total ozone data series of the 50-yr period 1961–2010 of observations. This correction has reduced the well-known seasonal differences between Dobson and Brewer data below the 1% calibration limit of the spectrophotometers. Incorporation of the ERA-40 and ERA-Interim total ozone data on days with missing measurements significantly improved completeness and reliability of the data series mainly in the first two decades of the period concerned. Consistent behaviour of the original and corrected/merged data sets was found in the pre-ozone-hole period (1961–1985). In the post-Pinatubo (1994–2010) era the data series show seasonal differences that can introduce uncertainty in estimation of ozone recovery mainly in the winter-spring season when the effect of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments is expected. All the data sets confirm substantial depletion of ozone also in the summer months that gives rise to the question about its origin. The merged and completed data series of total ozone will be further analyzed to quantify chemical ozone losses and contribution of natural atmospheric processes to the ozone depletion over the region. This case study points out the importance of selection and evaluation of the quality and consistency of the input data sets used in estimation of long-term ozone changes including recovery of the ozone layer over the selected areas. Data are available from the PANGAEA database at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.779819.

scholarly journals Global total ozone recovery trends derived from five merged ozone datasets

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Weber ◽  
Carlo Arosio ◽  
Melanie Coldewey-Egbers ◽  
Vitali Fioletov ◽  
Stacey M. Frith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ozone Trend ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. We report on updated trends using different merged zonal mean total ozone datasets from satellite and ground-based observations for the period from 1979 to 2020. This work is an update from the trends reported in Weber et al. (2018) using the same datasets up to 2016. Merged datasets used in this study include NASA MOD v8.7 and NOAA Cohesive Data (COH) v8.6, both based on data from the series of Solar Backscatter UltraViolet (SBUV), SBUV-2, and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) satellite instruments (1978–present) as well as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME)-type Total Ozone (GTO-ECV) and GOME-SCIAMACHY-GOME-2 (GSG) merged datasets (both 1995–present), mainly comprising satellite data from GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, GOME-2A, -2B, and TROPOMI. The fifth dataset consists of the annual mean zonal mean data from ground-based measurements collected at the World Ozone and UV Radiation Data Center (WOUDC). Trends were determined by applying a multiple linear regression (MLR) to annual mean zonal mean data. The addition of four more years consolidated the fact that total ozone is indeed on slowly recovering in both hemispheres as a result of phasing out ozone depleting substances (ODS) as mandated by the Montreal Protocol. The near global ozone trend of the median of all datasets after 1996 was 0.5 ± 0.2 (2σ) %/decade, which is in absolute numbers roughly a third of the decreasing rate of 1.4 ± 0.6 %/decade from 1978 until 1996. The ratio of decline and increase is nearly identical to that of the EESC (equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine or stratospheric halogen) change rates before and after 1996 which confirms the success of the Montreal Protocol. The observed trends are also in very good agreement with the median of 17 chemistry climate models from CCMI (Chemistry Climate Model Initiative) with current ODS and GHG (greenhouse gas) scenarios. The positive ODS related trends in the NH after 1996 are only obtained with a sufficient number of terms in the MLR accounting properly for dynamical ozone changes (Brewer-Dobson circulation, AO, AAO). A standard MLR (limited to solar, QBO, volcanic, and ENSO) leads to zero trends showing that the small positive ODS related trends have been balanced by negative trend contributions from atmospheric dynamics resulting in nearly constant total ozone levels since 2000.

scholarly journals Long-Term Wintertime Trend of Zonally Asymmetric Ozone in Boreal Extratropics During 1979–2016

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Andrea Schneidereit ◽  
Dieter Peters
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
European Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Wave Transport ◽  
Ozone Transport ◽  
The North Atlantic

Strong zonally asymmetric ozone (ZAO) changes are observed in the boreal extratropics for winter. During the TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) period (1979–1992) the decrease of zonally asymmetric total ozone (ZATO) was twice as large as the observed zonal mean total ozone trend over Europe in January mainly caused by ultra-long wave transport. Recent studies have demonstrated that the ozone evolution reveals three different quasi-bidecadal trend stages: (i) Decline, (ii) leveling, and (ii) healing. This study focuses on the ZAO structure in boreal extratropics and on ozone transport changes by ultra-long waves during winter months. ERA-Interim data together with a linearized transport model are used. During the healing stage ZATO increases significantly over the North Atlantic/European region for January. The ZATO increase (healing stage) and ZATO decrease (decline stage) are caused by different monthly mean ozone transport characteristics of ultra-long planetary waves over the North Atlantic/European region. Furthermore, the vertical advection (ageostrophic transport) of ozone versus its horizontal component dominates in the lower and middle stratosphere during the healing stage. It is hypothesized that these ageostrophic wind changes are mainly caused by a wave train directed northeastwards which seems to be directly linked to the Arctic warming.

scholarly journals Dobson, Brewer, ERA-40 and ERA-Interim original and assimilated total ozone data sets – evaluation of differences: a case study, Hradec Králové (Czech), 1961–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 445-473
Author(s):  
K. Vaníček ◽  
L. Metelka ◽  
P. Skřivánková ◽  
M. Staněk
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Missing Measurements ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Ozone Data

Abstract. Homogenized data series of total ozone measurements taken by the regularly and well calibrated Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers at Hradec Králové (Czech) and the data from the re-analyses ERA-40 and ERA-Interim were assimilated and combined to investigate differences between the particular data sets over Central Europe, the NH mid-latitudes. The Dobson-to-Brewer transfer function and the algorithm for approximation of the data from the re-analyses were developed, tested and applied for creation of instrumentally consistent and completed total ozone data series of the 50-yr period 1961–2010 of observations. The assimilation has reduced the well-known seasonal differences between Dobson and Brewer data below the 1% calibration limit of the spectrophotometers. Incorporation of the ERA-40 and ERA-Interim total ozone data on days with missing measurements significantly improved completeness and reliability of the data series mainly in the first two decades of the period concerned. Consistent behaviour of the original and assimilated data sets was found in the pre-ozone-hole period (1961–1985). In the post-Pinatubo (1994–2010) era the data series show seasonal differences that can introduce uncertainty in estimation of ozone recovery mainly in the winter-spring season when the effect of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments is expected. All the data sets confirm substantial depletion of ozone also in the summer months that gives rise to the question about its origin. The assimilated and completed data series of total ozone will be further analyzed to quantify chemical ozone losses and contribution of natural atmospheric processes to the ozone depletion over the region. This case study points out importance of selection and evaluation of the quality and consistency of the input data sets used in estimation of long-term ozone changes including recovery of the ozone layer over the selected areas. Data are available from the PANGAEA database at http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.779819.

scholarly journals Brewer spectrometer total ozone column measurements in Sodankylä

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Karppinen ◽  
K. Lakkala ◽  
J. M. Karhu ◽  
P. Heikkinen ◽  
R. Kivi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Ozone Column ◽  
Ozone Column

Abstract. Abstract. The Brewer total ozone column measurements started in Sodankylä in May 1988, 9 months after the agreement of The Montreal Protocol. The Brewer instrument has been well maintained and frequently calibrated since to produce a high quality ozone time series now spanning over 26 years. The data has now been uniformly reprocessed between 1988 and 2014. The quality of the data has been assured by automatic data rejection rules as well as by manual checking. The daily mean values calculated from highest quality direct sun measurements are available 77 % of time with up to 75 measurements per day on a clear day. Zenith sky measurements fill another 14 % of the time series and winter months are sparsely covered by moon measurements. The time series provides information to survey the evolution of Arctic ozone layer and can be used as a reference point for assessing other total ozone column measurement practises.

Statistical analysis and comparison of external factor effects on the total ozone field over the Russian territory in 1973–2007

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 442-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Titova ◽  
I. L. Karol ◽  
A. M. Shalamyanskii ◽  
L. P. Klyagina ◽  
A. A. Solomatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
External Factor ◽  
Russian Territory

scholarly journals Montreal Protocol benefits simulated with CCM SOCOL

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 17001-17030 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Egorova ◽  
E. Rozanov ◽  
J. Gröbner ◽  
M. Hauser ◽  
W. Schmutz
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
The World ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres

Abstract. Ozone depletion is caused by the anthropogenic increase of halogen containing species in the atmosphere, which results in the enhancement of the concentration of reactive chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere. To reduce the influence of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances (ODS), the Montreal Protocol was agreed by Governments in 1987, with several Amendments adopted later. In order to assess the benefits of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments (MPA) on ozone and UV radiation, two different runs of the chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOL have been carried out. The first run was driven by the emission of ozone depleting substances (ODS) prescribed according to the restrictions of the Montreal Protocol and all its Amendments. For the second run we allow the ODS to grow by 3% annually. We find that the MPA would have saved up to 80% of the global annual total ozone by the end of the 21st century. Our calculations also show substantial changes in surface temperature and precipitations that could occur in the world without MPA implementations. To illustrate the changes in UV radiation at the surface and to emphasize certain features which can only be seen for some particular regions if the influence of the cloud cover changes is accounted for, we calculate geographical distribution of the erythemally weighted irradiance (Eery). For the no Montreal Protocol simulation Eery increases by factor of 4 to 16 between the 1970s and 2100. For the scenario including the Montreal Protocol it is found that UV radiation starts to decrease in 2000, with continuous decline of 5% to 10% at middle latitudes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

scholarly journals An Arctic Ozone Hole in 2020 If Not For the Montreal Protocol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Wilka ◽  
Susan Solomon ◽  
Doug Kinnison ◽  
David Tarasick
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Ozone Hole ◽  
Boreal Spring ◽  
Polar Stratospheric Cloud ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Without the Montreal Protocol the already extreme Arctic ozone losses in boreal spring of 2020 would be expected to have produced an Antarctic-like ozone hole, with an area of total ozone below 220 DU of about 20 million km2. Record observed local lows of 0.1 ppmv at some altitudes in the lower stratosphere would have reached 0.01, again similar to the Antarctic. This provides an opportunity to test parameterizations of polar stratospheric cloud impacts on denitrification, and thereby to improve stratospheric models. Spring ozone depletion would have begun earlier and lasted longer without the Montreal Protocol, and by 2020 the year-round ozone depletion would have begun to dramatically diverge from the observed case. This study reinforces that the historically extreme 2020 Arctic ozone depletion is not cause for concern over the Montreal Protocol's effectiveness, but rather demonstrates that the Montreal Protocol indeed merits celebration for avoiding an Arctic ozone hole.

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