Welfare, Fairness and the Role of Courts in a Simple and Flexible Private Company Law

2010 ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Levinus Timmerman
Keyword(s):  
Company Law ◽  
Private Company

The Doctrinal Basis of The Rights of Company Shareholders

1998 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Grantham
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Corporate Form ◽  
Moral Force ◽  
The Law ◽  
Normative Implications

THE concept of ownership is a complex, powerful and controversial idea. In law it explains, justifies and gives moral force to a host of rights and duties as well as serving to legitimate the allocation of wealth and privilege. The influence of this idea is, furthermore, everywhere embodied in the law. In company law, legal and economic conceptions have both rested on and have been shaped by the normative implications of ownership. Historically, ownership was the principal explanation and justification for the central role of shareholders in corporate affairs. As owners, shareholders were entitled to control the management of the company and to the exclusive benefit of the company's activities. Ownership also served to legitimate the corporate form itself. So long as it was owned by individuals the economic and political power of the company was both benign and a bulwark against the intrusion of the state.

scholarly journals Maternal Hepcidin Suppression Is Essential for Healthy Pregnancy

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
Veena Sangkhae ◽  
Tomas Ganz ◽  
Elizabeta Nemeth
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Primary Mouse

Iron is essential for maternal and fetal health during pregnancy, and iron requirements increase substantially in the second half of gestation1. However, the molecular mechanisms ensuring increased iron availability during pregnancy are not well understood. Hepcidin is the key iron-regulatory hormone and functions by occluding and degrading the iron exporter ferroportin (FPN) to inhibit dietary iron absorption and mobilization of iron from stores. In healthy human and rodent pregnancies, maternal hepcidin decreases starting in the second trimester and is nearly undetectable by late pregnancy2,3 (Figure A). We explored the role of maternal and embryo hepcidin in regulating embryo iron endowment using mouse models. By generating combinations of dams and embryos lacking hepcidin or not, we showed that in normal mouse pregnancy, only maternal but not embryo or placental hepcidin determines embryo iron endowment4. Maternal hepcidin was inversely related to embryo iron stores, and embryos from hepcidin-deficient dams had significantly higher hepatic iron stores regardless of their own hepcidin genotype. When maternal hepcidin was elevated during the second half of pregnancy in mice by administering a hepcidin mimetic, this led to dose-dependent embryo iron deficiency, anemia, and in severe cases, embryo death4. Embryos were particularly sensitive to maternal iron restriction as they developed iron deficiency in the liver and the brain even when maternal hematological parameters were unaffected. These data highlight the critical role of maternal hepcidin suppression for heathy pregnancy. Yet, the physiological mechanism of maternal hepcidin suppression remains unknown. We showed in mice that maternal hepcidin decreases prior to a significant decrease in liver iron and without any changes in serum iron, suggesting that maternal hepcidin suppression is not driven solely by iron deficiency. Using an in vitro model, we determined that the placenta secretes a hepcidin-suppressing factor. Exposure of primary mouse hepatocytes to supernatants from cultured human placenta cells, but not control media, suppressed hepcidin mRNA more than 10-fold (Figure B) and for up to 48hrs. The suppressive factor in the supernatant was >100kDa in size and not associated with exosomes. Studies to identify the placenta-derived hepcidin suppressor are ongoing. In summary, suppression of maternal hepcidin is essential to ensure adequate iron supply for transfer to the fetus and for the increase in maternal red blood cell mass2, and a placenta-derived hepcidin suppressor likely plays an important role in this adaptation. 1Fisher AL and Nemeth E, Am J Clin Nutr, 2017 2Sangkhae V et al, JCI, 2020 3van Santen S et al, Clin Chem Lab Med, 2013 4Sangkhae V et al, Blood, 2020 Figure 1 Disclosures Ganz: Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy; Ionis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; American Regent: Consultancy; Rockwell: Consultancy; Vifor: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy; Akebia: Consultancy; Gossamer Bio: Consultancy; Silarus Therapeutics: Current equity holder in private company; Sierra Oncology: Consultancy; Ambys: Consultancy; Disc Medicine: Consultancy; Intrinsic LifeSciences: Current equity holder in private company. Nemeth:Intrinsic LifeSciences: Current equity holder in private company; Silarus Therapeutics: Current equity holder in private company; Ionis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Protagonist: Consultancy; Vifor: Consultancy.

The Management of Knowledge Resources within Private Organisations

2010 ◽  
pp. 36-61
Author(s):  
Federica Ricceri ◽  
James Guthrie ◽  
Rodney Coyte
Keyword(s):  
International Institutions ◽  
Economic Base ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Knowledge Resources ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Specific Organisation

National economies have rapidly moved from their industrial economic base and shifted towards a knowledge base, in which wealth creation is associated with the ability to develop and manage knowledge resources (KR) (see, among others, MERITUM, 2002; EC, 2006). Several national and international institutions have produced various Intellectual Capital (IC) frameworks1 and guidelines (e.g. MERITUM, 2002; SKE, 2007; EC, 2006) to guide in the management, measurement and reporting of IC. However, there appear to be few studies of private company practices (Guthrie & Ricceri, 2009). The above informed the following two research questions of our study: (1) In what ways, did the private companies express their strategy and the role of KR within it? (2) What tools, including ‘inscription devices’, were used for understanding and managing KR within a specific organisation? This chapter answers these questions by providing illustrations of KR and their management in practice in a variety of private companies.

The Role of the Directors

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-194
Author(s):  
Eva Micheler
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
The Public ◽  
Company Directors ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Uk

This chapter describes the role of the directors. The duties of the directors are owed to the company and while the shareholders are the primary indirect beneficiaries of those duties, the law integrates the interests of creditors and also of wider society. The law is primarily focused on ensuring compliance with the Companies Act and the constitution rather than with the enhancement of economic interests. The Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 serves as a mechanism through which the public interest is integrated into company law, while the UK Corporate Governance Code adds a further procedural dimension to the operation of the board of directors. The chapter then looks at how the idea of designing remuneration in a way that guides the directors to act either for the benefit of the shareholder or for the benefit of the company is flawed and has served as a motor justifying increasing rewards without bringing about commensurate increases in performance. It also analyses the duties of the directors to keep accounting records and to produce financial reports.

scholarly journals IL DIRITTO SOCIETARIO TRA DIRITTO COMPARATO E DIRITTO STRANIERO

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe B. Portale
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Law ◽  
Corporate Law ◽  
Private Company ◽  
General Role ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
The One ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The article tackles the issues related to the use of comparative law a source of substantive law in a specific legal system, with specific regard to corporate law. Expanding on previous studies on the general role of comparative law in the framework of sources of law (§ 1), the study argues that the comparative argument may be used to regulate purely domestic cases and as well as a play a crucial role in interpreting internal laws (§§ 1.1, 1.2) and analyzes the theoretical foundations of such process (§ 1.3) as well as the problems caused by the application of foreign law by a domestic judge (§ 2). Subsequently, two examples of such usage of the comparative legal argument are provided, drawn from the Italian corporate law experience (§ 3): on the one hand, the introduction of a specific regulation of a simplified private company (società a responsabilità limitata semplificata), representing a circulation of German (Unternehmergesellschaft- UG) and Belgian (société privée a responsabilité limitée starter) models (§ 3.1); on the other hand, the use of comparative law by in the interpretation of the organization structure in the Italian dualistic system (§ 3.2).

scholarly journals The Concept of Green Management in the Management of CSR: Implementation study of CSR Programs at Azana Hotel Group

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Dicky Sumarsono ◽  
Bani Sudardi ◽  
Warto Warto ◽  
Wakit Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Hotel Management ◽  
Sustainable Living ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Research Findings

The change in CSR is not only a matter of fulfilling the obligation of the Limited Liability Company Law, but also the issue of CSR that becomes a matter of justice and natural balance. The Word Commission on Environment requires every company in business activity to always consider the principles of sustainable development that rely on economic benefits (profit), environmental sustainability (planet) and social welfare (people). This study uses qualitative methods, with data collection methods through observation, interview, and documentation study. While the analysis used is descriptive qualitative analysis. According to research findings; the first is CSR programs in Azana Hotel Group includes; education, empowerment of the poor and save the environment. Second, from the implementation of CSR, Azana Hotel Management realized the important role of local communities in hotel operation towards the society, which in turn will bring huge profits to the company. Third, the implementation of environmental program in the form of greening on critical lands can actually educate and manage the employees, hotel guests, and society. So, it can increase the awareness of the importance of a sustainable natural environment. Fourth, ethically, the Azana Hotel Group CSR can regulate the behavior of people or groups of people in the company to be sustainable living. Ethics could be understood as moral principles and values that govern the behavior of people or groups related to what is right or wrong.

scholarly journals A Peran Notaris Dalam Mendukung Investasi Di Era Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA)

Acta Comitas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Mirayanthi Utami
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Counselling Services ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethics Code ◽  
Notary Public

Indonesia is one of the ASEAN members who agreed to implement the ACIA which focuses on investment, as the result of the implementation of the AEC. With the expectation of increasing foreign investment activities between ASEAN member countries and becoming one of the investment destinations in the world. It is proven that Indonesia still the choice of foreign investors. In order to support interests of foreign investors in conducting their business, so the role of the Notary public in investment activities needed through written proof. This study aims to analyse and provide an understanding of the role of the Notary in supporting investment in Indonesia when the AEC is implemented. This research using normative juridical methods. The study results show that the role of the Notary through direct investment is authorized to make authentic deeds based on Company Law. Furthermore, the authority of the Notary is regulated in Notary Law and Notary Law Amandement such as: providing legal counselling, services and legalizing public documents that will be used in Indonesia or needed for investment abroad. The implication of AEC it would be awared by the Notary. Therefore as a profession in a field of law, the have a to provide a social services by mastering in English and knowledge able in investment of law accordance with hierarchy of legislation and increasing competence following Notary Law and Notary Law Amandement, Notary Ethics Code, and Bylaws I.N.I. so that they can compete professionally. Indonesia merupakan salah satu anggota ASEAN yang menyetujui direalisasikannya ACIA yang berfokus pada investasi, sebagai implikasi diberlakukannya MEA. Dengan harapan dapat meningkatkan kegiatan investasi asing antara negara-negara anggota ASEAN dan menjadi salah satu tujuan investasi di dunia. Terbukti Indonesia masih menjadi pilihan investor asing. Guna menunjang kepentingan investor dalam menjalankan usahanya, maka peranan Notaris dalam kegiatan investasi sangat dibutuhkan melalui pembuktian tertulis. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dan memberikan pemahaman peranan Notaris dalam mendukung investasi di Indonesia saat MEA diberlakukan. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa peran Notaris melalui investasi langsung yaitu berwenang membuat akta otentik yang dilandasi dengan Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas. Selain itu, kewenangan Notaris diatur dalam Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris dan Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris Perubahan seperti: memberikan penyuluhan hukum, pelayanan dan melegalisasi dokumen publik yang akan digunakan di Indonesia atau diperlukan untuk investasi di luar negeri. Implikasi diberlakukannya MEA juga harus disadari oleh Notaris. Maka sebagai profesi hukum dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat haruslah berbekal penguasaan Bahasa Inggris, penguasaan mengenai hukum investasi sesuai dengan hirarki perundang-undangan dan peningkatan kompetensi sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris dan Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris Perubahan, Kode Etik Notaris, dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga I.N.I sehingga mampu bersaing secara profesionalitas.

scholarly journals PERAN NOTARIS DALAM MENCEGAH KETERLAMBATAN PELAPORAN MERGER PADA REZIM PERSAINGAN USAHA [THE ROLE OF NOTARIES IN PREVENTING DELAYS IN REPORTING MERGERS IN BUSINESS COMPETITION REGIONS]

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Lita Paromita Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Warning Letter ◽  
Corporate Action ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

<em>In accordance with Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning Competition Law, every corporate action that causes monopoly must be notified to the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) in less than 30 (thirty) days. However, not all entrepreneurs are aware of this provision. As consequence of the delay, entrepreneurs are potentially subject to wide range of sanctions starting from warning letter, fines, to the worst scenario which is the cancellation of the corporate action. Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Company Law governs that all corporate action including mergers, acquisition and consolidation should be drawn in form of notarial deed and the Notary has an access to report such action to the Minister of Law and Human Rights if necessary. While the entrepreneurs appear before the Notary to make merger, acquisition or consolidation deed, the Notary may advise the entrepreneurs to notify KPPU if such merger is potentially fulfill certain condition under Law No.5 of 1999. However, Notary must also be aware that his role is limited by his responsibility to keep private information disclosed by the party before him. In connection with those conditions, this research provides elaboration on how Notary should take a role in merger action and his limitation in it.</em><p><strong>BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: </strong>Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Persaingan Usaha mengatur bahwa dalam hal terjadi aksi korporasi yang menyebabkan monopoli, maka pelaku usaha wajib untuk memberikan pemberitahuan atas peristiwa tersebut dalam jangka waktu 30 (tiga puluh) hari kepada Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU). Akan tetapi, tidak semua pelaku usaha memahami ketentuan ini. Oleh sebab itu, pada beberapa kasus pelaku usaha dikenai sanksi yang bervariasi, mulai dari surat teguran, denda dalam jumlah besar, hingga pembatalan<em> </em>aksi korporasi tersebut. Sehubungan dengan kondisi ini, Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas mengatur bahwa setiap aksi korporasi yang meliputi penggabungan, peleburan dan pengambilalihan akuisisi harus dituangkan persetujuannya oleh para pemegang saham dalam suatu akta notariil dan dilaporkan oleh Notaris kepada Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia apabila diperlukan. Sehubungan dengan pengaturan tersebut, maka setiap kali para pelaku usaha hadir di hadapan Notaris untuk membuat akta<em> </em>atas aksi korporasi, Notaris dapat mengambil peran untuk mencegah terjadinya keterlambatan pemberitahuan tersebut melalui pemberian penyuluhan kepada para penghadap. Akan tetapi, Notaris juga harus tahu bahwa perannya tersebut juga terbatas pada kewajibannya untuk menjaga informasi dari para pihak yang menghadapnya. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengelaborasi peran Notaris dalam mencegah keterlambatan pemberitahuan tersebut sejauh mana peran yang dapat diambil Notaris sehubungan dengan hal tersebut.</p>

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