Infrared Radiative Exchange in the Middle Atmosphere in the 15 Micron Band of Carbon Dioxide

1984 ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conway B. Leovy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Radiative Exchange

Trends in noctilucent clouds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz-Josef Lübken ◽  
Gerd Baumgarten
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Noctilucent Clouds ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
Ice Particles ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Ice Water

<p>Noctilucent clouds are often cited as potential indicators of climate change in the middle<br>atmosphere. They owe their existence to the very cold summer mesopause region (~130K) at mid<br>and high latitudes. We analyze trends derived from the Leibniz-Institute Middle Atmosphere<br>Model (LIMA) and the MIMAS ice particle model (Mesospheric Ice Microphysics And tranSport model)<br>for the years 1871-2008 and for middle, high and arctic latitudes, respectively.<br>Model runs with and without an increase of carbon dioxide and water vapor (from methane oxidation)<br>concentration are performed. Trends are most prominent after ~1960 when the increase of both<br>carbon dioxide and water vapor accelerates. Negative trends of (geometric) NLC altitudes are primarily<br>due to cooling below NLC altitudes caused by carbon dioxide increase. Increases of ice particle<br>radii and NLC brightness with time are mainly caused by an enhancement of water vapor.<br>Several ice layer and background parameter trends are similar at high and arctic latitudes but are<br>substantially different at middle latitudes. This concerns, for example, occurrence rates, ice water<br>content (IWC), and number of ice particles in a column. Considering the time period after 1960,<br>geometric altitudes of NLC decrease by approximately 260m per decade, and brightness increases by<br>roughly 50% (1960-2008), independent of latitude. NLC altitudes decrease by approximately 15-20m<br>per increase of carbon dioxide by 1ppmv. The number of ice particles in a column and also at the<br>altitude of maximum backscatter is nearly constant with time. At all latitudes, yearly mean NLC<br>appear at altitudes where temperatures are close to 145+/-1K. Ice particles are present nearly<br>all the time at high and arctic latitudes, but are much less common at middle latitudes. Ice water<br>content and maximum backscatter are highly correlated, where the slope depends on latitude. This<br>allows to combine data sets from satellites and lidars. Furthermore, IWC and the concentration of<br>water vapor at the altitude of maximum backscatter are also strongly correlated. Results from<br>LIMA/MIMAS agree nicely with observations.</p>

scholarly journals Influence of gravity waves on the climatology of high-altitude Martian carbon dioxide ice clouds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal Yiğit ◽  
Alexander S. Medvedev ◽  
Paul Hartogh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
Ice Clouds ◽  
Ice Cloud

Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) ice clouds have been routinely observed in the middle atmosphere of Mars. However, there are still uncertainties concerning physical mechanisms that control their altitude, geographical, and seasonal distributions. Using the Max Planck Institute Martian General Circulation Model (MPI-MGCM), incorporating a state-of-the-art whole atmosphere subgrid-scale gravity wave parameterization (Yiğit et al., 2008), we demonstrate that internal gravity waves generated by lower atmospheric weather processes have wide reaching impact on the Martian climate. Globally, GWs cool the upper atmosphere of Mars by ~10 % and facilitate high-altitude CO2 ice cloud formation. CO2 ice cloud seasonal variations in the mesosphere and the mesopause region appreciably coincide with the spatio-temporal variations of GW effects, providing insight into the observed distribution of clouds. Our results suggest that GW propagation and dissipation constitute a necessary physical mechanism for CO2 ice cloud formation in the Martian upper atmosphere during all seasons.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: Isotopic exchange with ozone and its use as a tracer in the middle atmosphere

1997 ◽  
Vol 102 (D9) ◽  
pp. 10857-10866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuk L. Yung ◽  
Anthony Y. T. Lee ◽  
Frederick W. Irion ◽  
William B. DeMore ◽  
Jason Wen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Middle Atmosphere

scholarly journals Influence of gravity waves on the climatology of high-altitude Martian carbon dioxide ice clouds

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1631-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal Yiğit ◽  
Alexander S. Medvedev ◽  
Paul Hartogh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
Ice Clouds ◽  
Ice Cloud

Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) ice clouds have been routinely observed in the middle atmosphere of Mars. However, there are still uncertainties concerning physical mechanisms that control their altitude, geographical, and seasonal distributions. Using the Max Planck Institute Martian General Circulation Model (MPI-MGCM), incorporating a state-of-the-art whole atmosphere subgrid-scale gravity wave parameterization (Yiğit et al., 2008), we demonstrate that internal gravity waves generated by lower atmospheric weather processes have a wide-reaching impact on the Martian climate. Globally, GWs cool the upper atmosphere of Mars by ∼10 % and facilitate high-altitude CO2 ice cloud formation. CO2 ice cloud seasonal variations in the mesosphere and the mesopause region appreciably coincide with the spatio-temporal variations of GW effects, providing insight into the observed distribution of clouds. Our results suggest that GW propagation and dissipation constitute a necessary physical mechanism for CO2 ice cloud formation in the Martian upper atmosphere during all seasons.

Electron Cytochemical Study of Carbon Dioxide Laser Effect on Rhesus Monkey Cornea

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
K. C. Tsou ◽  
J. Morris ◽  
P. Shawaluk ◽  
B. Stuck ◽  
E. Beatrice
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Laser Effect

While much is known regarding the effect of lasers on the retina, little study has been done on the effect of lasers on cornea, because of the limitation of the size of the material. Using a combination of electron microscope and several newly developed cytochemical methods, the effect of laser can now be studied on eye for the purpose of correlating functional and morphological damage. The present paper illustrates such study with CO2 laser on Rhesus monkey.

The Critical Point Drying Method Applied to Scanning Electron Microscopy of L-929 Cells

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
Charles TurnbiLL ◽  
Delbert E. Philpott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Scanning Electron

The advent of the scanning electron microscope (SCEM) has renewed interest in preparing specimens by avoiding the forces of surface tension. The present method of freeze drying by Boyde and Barger (1969) and Small and Marszalek (1969) does prevent surface tension but ice crystal formation and time required for pumping out the specimen to dryness has discouraged us. We believe an attractive alternative to freeze drying is the critical point method originated by Anderson (1951; for electron microscopy. He avoided surface tension effects during drying by first exchanging the specimen water with alcohol, amy L acetate and then with carbon dioxide. He then selected a specific temperature (36.5°C) and pressure (72 Atm.) at which carbon dioxide would pass from the liquid to the gaseous phase without the effect of surface tension This combination of temperature and, pressure is known as the "critical point" of the Liquid.

A global perspective of ground level, 'ambient' carbon dioxide for assessing the response of plants to atmospheric CO2

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 789-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Ziska ◽  
O. Ghannoum ◽  
J. T. Baker ◽  
J. Conroy ◽  
J. A. Bunce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Atmospheric Co2
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