scholarly journals Science and Society an Overview of the Problem

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Frank Miedema
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
The Public ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Societal Problems

AbstractScience in the recent past promised to society to contribute to the grand challenges of the United Nations, UNESCO, WHO, the EU agenda and national agendas for change and improvement of our life, the human condition. In this chapter it will be briefly discussed how this social contract between science and society has developed since 1945. In the context of this book I distinguish three time periods, but I do realize slightly different time periods may be preferred, based on the perspective taken. The first phase from 1945 till 1960 is characterized by autonomy, building on the successes of the natural sciences and engineering in World War II. In the second phase, the late sixties till approximately 1980, government and the public lost trust and saw the downside of science and technology. The response from politics and the public was to call for societal and political responsible research inspired by broader socio-political developments in society. The third phase from 1990 till 2010 was one of renewed enthusiasm and hope that science and technology would bring economic growth, which should make nations internationally competitive. There increasingly was also room for societal problems related to environment and sustainability, health and well-being. In this approach of the so-called knowledge economy, with the world-wide embracing of neoliberal politics, strong relations with government and the private sector were established. This was accompanied by short-term accountability, control from government and funders at the level of project output, using accordingly defined metrics and indicators. Because of this, this model became firmly and globally institutionalized.

scholarly journals Hand Surgery in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Sunyarn Niempoog ◽  
Kiat Witoonchart ◽  
Woraphon Jaroenporn
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Hand Surgery ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
World War ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
General Surgeons ◽  
Set Up

AbstractModern hand surgery in Thailand started after the end of World War II. It is divided into 4 phases. In the initial phase (1950-1965), the surgery of the hand was mainly performed by general surgeons. In 1965-1975, which was the second phase, many plastic surgeons and orthopaedic surgeons graduated from foreign countries and came back to Thailand. They played a vital role in the treatment of the surgery of the hand and set up hand units in many centers. They also contributed to the establishment of the “Thai Society for Surgery of the Hand,” which still continues to operate. In the third phase (1975-2000), there was a dramatic development of microsurgery because of the rapid economic expansion. There were many replantation, free tissue transfers, and brachial plexus surgeries in traffic and factory-related accidents. The first hand-fellow training program began in 1993. In the fourth phase (since 2000), the number of hand injuries from factory-related accidents began declining. But the injury from traffic accidents had been increasing both in severity and number. Moreover, the diseases of hand that relate to aging and degeneration had been on the rise. Thai hand surgeons have been using several state-of-the-art technologies such as arthroscopic and endoscopic surgery. They are continuing to invent innovations, generating international publications, and frequently being invited as speakers in foreign countries.

Women as Public Scientists in the Atomic Age

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha L. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Atomic Age ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rachel Carson ◽  
The Public ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Informed Citizenry

With the onset of the atomic age in 1945, geneticists increasingly spoke out about how nuclear fallout and radiation impacted heredity and reproduction. The scholarship discussing post–World War II activism focuses almost exclusively on males, with little attention given to women who served as public scientists or the role gender played in gaining public trust and influencing policy makers. This paper examines two women, both trained in genetics, who became activists in the 1950s and 1960s to educate the public about the dangers radiation and wartime chemicals posed to the human germ plasm. In Genetics in the Atomic Age (1956), Charlotte Auerbach (1899–1994) described basic genetic principles to explain why radiation-induced mutations could be harmful. In Silent Spring (1962), Rachel Carson (1907–1964) drew on genetics to warn about the possible mutagenic properties of DDT along with other concerns. Both women fostered scientific literacy to empower an informed citizenry that could influence public policy. They appealed both to men and to the growing cadre of middle-class educated women, encouraging an expanded role for maternal responsibility: not only protecting families but also the well-being of all humankind. This essay is part of a special issue entitled THE BONDS OF HISTORY edited by Anita Guerrini.

scholarly journals The Evangelical Movement in Austria from 1945 to the Present

Kairos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Frank Hinkelmann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Church Planting ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
World War ◽  
American Missionaries ◽  
Free Church ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evangelical Movement

This essay examines the development of the Evangelical Movement in Austria from 1945 to the present. The history of the Evangelical Movement can be divided into four phases: The beginnings (1945-1961), which can be characterized above all by missionary work among ethnic German refugees of the World War II, a second phase from 1961-1981, which can be described as an internationalization of the Evangelical Movement especially through the work of North American missionaries. During this time new ways of evangelism were sought and also church planting projects were started. A third phase is characterized by a growing confessionalization and institutionalization of the Evangelical Movement. While free church congregation were increasingly taking on denominational contours, the evangelical movement as a whole began to increasingly establish its own institutions. The last phase since 1998 is characterized by the Evangelical Movement breaking out of isolation towards social and political acceptance.

scholarly journals The Pasts, Presents and Futures of AIDS, Norway (1983–1996)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketil Slagstad
Keyword(s):  
Second Phase ◽  
Positive Perception ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Medical Progress ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Public Imagination

Summary This article explores the Norwegian AIDS epidemic from a temporal perspective. It argues that interrogating the epidemic’s tempos and rhythms provides useful tools in writing the history of an epidemic by drawing on a wide array of material from its first decade. By using various theories of temporality and chronology, this article maps out three phases of the Norwegian AIDS epidemic. In the first phase (1983–85), the emergence of the first cases of AIDS threw the positive perception of medicine’s past into question and fundamentally challenged the notion of incessant medical progress. In the second phase (1985–87), as grim epidemiological prognoses were created and the general population was increasingly targeted, panic grew across Norwegian society. In the third phase (1987–96), as it was slowly realised that the initial prognoses would not materialise, the epidemic faded from the public imagination. With the unremembering of AIDS, HIV was turned into a chronic disease. The article argues that analysing past temporalities, like past pasts and past futures, provides insights into the presents of the past.

China’s Policy on Science and Technology: Implications for the Next Industrial Transition

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Agarwala ◽  
Rana Divyank Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Scientific Mission ◽  
Technology Industries ◽  
High Technology Industries

Since the formation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Science and Technology (S&T) has been the focus area for Chinese economic development. However, little was known about China’s scientific mission, working and policies till the end of 1978. Based on the studies and the developments made, one can say that China’s S&T policy has evolved through four phases. The first phase (1949–1959) supported the development of heavy industries along the Soviet lines; the second phase (1959–1976) witnessed economic stagnation and ideological domination of technology projects; the third phase (1976–2001) focused on market-driven and product-driven research and now in her fourth phase of S&T development, since 2002, China has aimed to develop high technology industries and the nascent clean-energy or green technology with a focus on innovation. These policy changes entirely reformed the way China’s industrial enterprises are being managed today as compared to earlier years. However, some thinkers do not consider these reforms as sweeping or successful. In order to better appreciate the implications of the S&T policy in China’s industrial transition, the article analyses the role and effects of the policy that has assisted in enhancing the country’s S&T strength and improving the competitiveness, while supporting its economic and social development.

Amateur vs. Professionals

2012 ◽  
pp. 186-194
Author(s):  
Andoni Alonso ◽  
Antonio Lafuente
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
World War ◽  
Technological Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Science Technology

Scientific and technological expertise is currently experiencing a crisis. The public shows a growing distrust in many aspects related to the techno-scientific development. The birth of that suspicion begins after World War II but has transformed in the past few decades. In this paper, the authors examine how that doubt has specific features in the present moment. Also, there is a reaction to propose another way to make scientific and technological research where there is a more participative spirit. These changes reshape traditional ideas on science, technology and progress. Amateur efforts in science and technology maybe are opening the possibility of a change for these activities and information technology seems to support these efforts. If these can be considered, a consistent trend is difficult to predict.

Being Bold: How HFES Can Encourage Responsible, Timely and Participative Ergonomics to Address Societal Issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1039-1043
Author(s):  
Abigail R. Wooldridge ◽  
Courtney C. Rogers ◽  
Christopher R. Reid ◽  
Rupa S. Valdez ◽  
Mica Endsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Inequity ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
Human Factors And Ergonomics ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
Made In

Human Factors/Ergonomics (HF/E) is a systems discipline focused on jointly optimizing human well-being and overall system performance. Societal problems, including but not limited to health inequity, racism, poverty, and (lack of) sustainability, are inherently systems problems that involve humans, and so recent work has argued that HF IE can and should contribute to addressing these issues. This panel will bring together leaders of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) to discuss if and how HFES can encourage and support responsible, timely, and participative ergonomics to address societal issues. The session will be highly interactive as the organizers will moderate discussion to reflect on the progress the science and Society (i.e., HFES) have made in this space, identify areas for improvement, and creatively consider future actions to ensure our science and Society are responding to these issues in an ethical manner.

scholarly journals An Enhanced Technique for Analyzing Sentiments of Public Reviews - II

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
The Public ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Negation Detection ◽  
Sentiment Score ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Previous Phase

Enhnaced Dual Sentiment Analysis (EDSA) is an improved system which enhances the performance of the existing Dual Sentiment Analysis (DSA) which is implemented in literature. It mainly focuses on improving the efficiency of the existing system by making some modifications to the existing DSA approach. EDSA improves the classification accuracy of the public reviews. Apart from the classification accuracy other parameters considered in EDSA are precision, recall and fmeasure. In the first phase, a data pre-processing is performed to clean the data where subjectivity analysis is performed to obtain the subjective reviews and sentiment analysis is performed on subjective reviews only. Second phase deals with negation detection and sentiment word sreversal to obtain the reversed reviews. Third phase performs polarity calculation on the original and reversed reviews to obtain positive and negative reviews based on sentiment score of the reviews. Fourth phase performs the enhanced dual training and prediction where the positive and negative reviews are provided to various classifiers which provides the final results as the output. Final phase is the graphical representation of the various parameter values obtained from the previous phase which helps in comparing the results of the various classifiers

scholarly journals Responsible Innovation Definitions, Practices, and Motivations from Nanotechnology Researchers in Food and Agriculture

NanoEthics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam E. Kokotovich ◽  
Jennifer Kuzma ◽  
Christopher L. Cummings ◽  
Khara Grieger
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
Responsible Innovation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Public ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Societal Problems

AbstractThe growth of responsible innovation (RI) scholarship has been mirrored by a proliferation of RI definitions and practices, as well as a recognition of the importance of context for RI. This study investigates how researchers in the field of nanotechnology for food and agriculture (nano-agrifoods) define and practice RI, as well as what motivations they see for pursuing RI. We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with nano-agrifood researchers from industry and academia in the USA, where we asked them to describe their RI definitions, practices, and motivations. We analyzed the emergent themes from these interviews, including how the themes aligned with four prominent RI principles (anticipation, inclusion, reflexivity, responsiveness). We found that nano-agrifood researchers largely focused their descriptions of RI definitions, practices, and motivations around a narrow envisioning of the RI principle of anticipation — emphasizing product safety, efficacy, and efficiency. We also found noteworthy tensions surrounding the less frequently mentioned RI principles. For example, some researchers envisioned inclusion as a way to align products with industry interests while others saw it as a way to align products with the public good. Concerning motivations for RI, some researchers viewed RI as a way to protect one’s reputation and avoid lawsuits while others viewed it as a way to improve human well-being and solve societal problems. Given these findings, future efforts to foster RI within nano-agrifoods should promote discussions among researchers concerning what it means to responsibly innovate and what practices this could entail, particularly beyond ensuring product safety, efficacy, and efficiency.

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