Journeys on Screen

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Formal Property ◽  
Art Cinema ◽  
The Road ◽  
Formal Element ◽  
Contextual Element ◽  
Documentary Fiction ◽  
Self Discovery

This collection seeks to position the journey as a persistent presence across cinema, and fundamental to its position within modernity. It addresses the innovative appeal of journey narratives from pre-cinema to new media and through documentary, fiction, and the spaces between. Its examples traverse different regions and cultures, including a sub-section dedicated to Eastern Europe, to illuminate questions of belonging, diaspora, displacement, identity and memory. It considers how the journey is a formal element determining art cinema and popular genres such as sci-fi, romance and horror alike, with a special focus on rethinking the road movie. Through this variety, the collection investigates the journey as a motif for self-discovery and encounter, an emblem of artistic and social transformation, a cause of dynamism or stasis and as evidence of autonomy and progress (or their lack). The essays in it thus document epochal changes from urbanisation, migration and war to tourism and shopping, and all aim to address the diversity of cinematic journeys through developing methodological frameworks appropriate to an understanding of the journey as simultaneously a political question, contextual element and a formal property.

International Cooperation for the Repression of Core Crimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 67-89
Author(s):  
Alessandra Annoni
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Horizontal Cooperation ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Contextual Element ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
State Cooperation

Abstract The burden of ensuring the repression of crimes that shock the conscience of mankind lies primarily with States. National prosecution of core crimes, however, relies heavily on inter-State cooperation. The obligation to cooperate in order to bring to justice the authors of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity may well be considered as a corollary of the erga omnes obligation to investigate and punish these crimes. The international instruments devoted to the repression of core crimes, however, fail to provide a sufficient regulatory framework for horizontal cooperation in this field, leaving it to States to make use of the tools established under domestic law, or provided by other existing treaties. The UNTOC and its Supplementing Protocols may prove useful in this framework. Even though these instruments were not expressly designed to tackle core crimes, some of the offences covered by them may indeed qualify as crimes against humanity or war crimes, if assisted by the ‘contextual element’ which characterizes the latter crimes. The UNTOC, moreover, can be used to further the prosecution of criminal groups that aid the commission of core crimes for profit.

Art as contextual element in improving hospital patients’ well-being: A scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Timonen ◽  
Tero Timonen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Contextual Element ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

The study investigates how visual art as a contextual element affects patients’ well-being and experience of healthcare facilities, especially in hospitals. Placing artworks into hospital rooms may be one way to improve these experiences, and, for example, applying virtual reality can offer new opportunities for increased well-being. A total of 29 research articles indexed in three databases (Arts in Medicine, PubMed and PsycINFO) were included in the review. They were selected using thematic searches. The study shows that systematic research supporting the value of art in the healthcare sector is still limited. Moreover, it acknowledges clear positive effects of art on patient outcomes in a hospital context. It is concluded that artworks can positively affect the mood of patients and offer them means to better cope with mental and physical health conditions although more research of different art practices in hospital contexts is needed.

International Crimes: Law and Practice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mettraux Guénaël
Keyword(s):  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Normative Identity ◽  
Contextual Element ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
The Law ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Gender Based

The law of international crimes has become increasingly dense over the years, which has rendered the law of international crimes more sophisticated and more complex. This is perhaps most apparent in relation to the law of crimes against humanity. From a single paragraph in Article 6 of the Nuremberg Charter, the law of crimes against humanity has grown into dozens of interacting definitional elements and an extensive body of practice. As part of this development, crimes against humanity have established their own normative identity with a distinctive chapeau or contextual element and a broad range of underlying offences, including discrimination-based crimes, penal translations of what are in effect serious human rights violations, a series of gender-based crimes and a residual offence of ‘other inhuman acts’. The combined effect of a sophisticated body of criminal law, international obligations directed at ensuring accountability and a multiplication of judicial venues competent to adjudicate upon such crimes, carries with it the hope that crimes against humanity could become an effective enforcer of international justice. However, resistance to full and universal accountability for such crimes is still a powerful political reality that undermines the possibility of justice and the institutions that are devoted to it. The present volume hopes to contribute to achieving that goal as the law of crimes against humanity is as important and relevant today as it was when first enforced. As it stands today, that law is a testimony to the efforts of many who have strived to ensure that atrocities should not remain unpunished.

6 Underlying Offences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mettraux Guénaël
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Contextual Element ◽  
War Criminals ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Core Elements

This chapter explores the underlying offences which can constitute crimes against humanity. Crimes against humanity are composed of two core elements: a chapeau or contextual element and an underlying crime committed in and sufficiently linked to the chapeau. The list of underlying crimes that could, in theory, qualify as crimes against humanity is limited in nature and has not significantly evolved since Nuremberg. The Nuremberg Charter provided for six categories of crimes against humanity: murder; extermination; enslavement; deportation; other inhumane acts; and persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds. Control Council Law No. 10, which regulated the subsequent prosecution of Nazi war criminals in occupied Germany, provided for the same six categories and added three other crimes to the list: imprisonment, rape, and torture. The chapter then assesses which crimes against humanity form part of customary international law.

Ch.Four Crimes Against Humanity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werle Gerhard ◽  
Jeßberger Florian
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
Contextual Element

This chapter explains crimes against humanity. Crimes against humanity are mass crimes committed against a civilian population. Most serious is the killing of entire groups of people, which is also characteristic of genocide. Crimes against humanity target fundamental, recognised human rights, in particular life, health, freedom, and dignity. These violations of individual rights become international crimes when they are committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population. The chapter discusses the history and structure of the crime, as well as protected interests. It then presents the contextual element of this crime, which is an attack on a civilian population as defined in the ICC Statute. After this, individual acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population are next discussed. Lastly, this chapter explores the multiplicity of offenses within this category.

A Concept without Consensus: Conceptualisation of the ‘Situation’ Notion in the Rome Statute

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 686-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hadi Zakerhossein
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Constituent Element ◽  
Contextual Element ◽  
Conceptual Question

In response to quelling Libya’s popular uprising against the authoritarian rule of Gaddafi, the United Nations Security Council referred the situation in Libya to the International Criminal Court. Subsequently, the Office of the Prosecutor brought four cases against the most responsible seniors for attacking civilians protesting the Gaddafi regime in 2011. Later, the Prosecutor went behind the borders of the original situation by prosecuting Al-Werfalli, who was accused of crimes taking place in the summer 2017, when there was no repressive apparatus against Gaddafi’s opponents. This recent case may pose a jurisdictional challenge that leads to a conceptual question: what does the concept of a ‘situation’ mean? The Court’s jurisdiction limits the contours of a situation. The main constituent element of a situation is a concrete crisis that differentiates the situation from others. This contextual element will be discussed in this article.

AN INCENTIVE MECHANISM FOR AD-HOC WIRELESS CONTENT SERVICE: CONTEXTUALIZED MICRO PRICING

2010 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 81-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOE-TYSR YUAN ◽  
JOAN TSAO
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Medium ◽  
Pricing Mechanism ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Contextual Element ◽  
The Social ◽  
Brave New World ◽  
Hoc Networks

Sophisticated mobile wireless, net-connected devices are allowing people who do not know each other to cluster temporarily around information of mutual interest. Rheingold characterized the sociology of this brave new world of social medium as a world of "ad-hocracy". This paper aims to explore a force that can drive context-sensitive companionable relationships or activities in the "ad-hocracy" world of wireless ad-hoc networks and presents a contextualized micro-pricing mechanism for content services operating in the environment of wireless ad-hoc networks. This is a novel effective pricing mechanism that involves both value-based pricing and contextualized consideration of perishability (in terms of time, location, and urgency). This mechanism is the first attempt in adding the contextual element into pricing and is believed to encourage further exploration of pricing methods in the "ad-hocracy" world. The notion of contextualized micro-pricing is believed not only to improve mobile peers' willingness to furnish differentiated services but also to enhance the distribution of the service resources on the social medium of the wireless ad-hoc network environments.

scholarly journals Defining the National, Ethnic, Racial and Religious Groups of Genocide in the Practice of International Criminal Courts

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Dmytro Koval
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
International Courts ◽  
Contextual Element ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Definition Of

The article analyzes the approaches of international courts (the UN International Court of Justice, International Criminal Court, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and hybrid Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia) to the criteria for defining genocide groups. The article emphasizes that the definition of belonging to a group is a contextual circumstance (contextual element) of the crime of genocide. In particular, the paper studies how the international courts applied positive/negative and objective/subjective identification strategies to conclude that certain groups constitute those protected by the Genocide Convention or the statutes of the international criminal courts. In addition, the article deals with the problem of the stability and mobility of the groups and the ways these characteristics help the international courts to apply the Convention.The article focuses on a search for algorithms that allow international courts to identify genocide groups. It stresses that the international criminal courts have not demonstrated consistency in their assessment of the definition of the groups. Neither have they showed the synchronized understanding of the approaches (objective/subjective, positive/negative, stable/mobile) to be used for the identification of these groups. Therefore, it is further argued that, due to the variability of approaches and strategies used by international courts to identify genocide groups, belonging to the group is a window of opportunity for a contextual reading of international criminal law.

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