Water Cycles in Forests

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-67
Author(s):  
Ayumi Kotani ◽  
Takeshi Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycles

Organic Substances in partly closed Water Cycles

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
D. Ziegler ◽  
C. Hartig ◽  
S. Wischnack ◽  
M. Jekel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Substances ◽  
Closed Water ◽  
Water Cycles

scholarly journals New representations on oil and gas origin in connection with the opening of the phenomenon of reserves replenishment in exploited oil fields

Georesursy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Azariy A. Barenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Gas Formation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Origin Of Oil ◽  
Water Cycles

New ideas about the origin of oil and gas are discussed. They are caused by the discovery of the phenomenon of replenishment of oil and gas reserves in exploited fields. This phenomenon was discovered by the Russian geologists a quarter of a century ago, and a little later it was theoretically justified on the basis of the biosphere concept of oil and gas formation. As a result, the well-known «organic hypothesis» and «mineral hypothesis», which have long time competed in oil and gas geology are being replaced by new representations today, according to which oil and gas are the inexhaustible useful fossils of our planet. And their deposits are traps of movable carbon that circulates via the Earth’s surface in three main cycles with periods of ~108-109, ~106 -107 and ≈ 40 years. The 40-year carbon biosphere cycle, which was not previously taken into account at all, plays a main role in replenishment of deposits. Its accounting makes it possible to balance the carbon and water cycles in the biosphere, taking into account the economic activities of people and modern formation of oil and gas in the bowels, and also open up the possibility of exploiting deposits as constantly replenished sources of hydrocarbons.

scholarly journals Biofouling on Coated Carbon Steel in Cooling Water Cycles Using Brackish Seawater

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Rajala ◽  
Elina Sohlberg ◽  
Outi Priha ◽  
Irina Tsitko ◽  
Henri Väisänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Coated Carbon ◽  
Water Cycles

The Role of Nanoparticles on the Durability of Lime-Pozzolan Binding System

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 ◽  
pp. 119-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirini Chrysanthi Tsardaka ◽  
Eleni Pavlidou ◽  
Maria Stefanidou
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Binding System ◽  
Water Cycles

The present research study is an effort to evaluate the effect of different nanoparticles in lime-pozzolan system, in time. nanosilica, nanoalumina and nanocalcium oxide were used in different combinations in this traditional binding system. The paper aims to record the durability of the traditional binding system in time, up to 365 days. For that purpose, the samples were subjected to ageing tests, such as wetting-drying cycles, sea water cycles and salt cycles. Up to 90 days, nanosilica benefits the most of the physic-mechanical properties, as well as the microstructure. Though, by studying the systems in time, the behavior of the other nanoparticles seems to favor certain properties more than nanosilica, especially at later ages. The addition of nanocalcium oxide combined with nanoalumina aids the improvement of the microstructure and the system presented great compressive after 40 cycles in ageing tests.

scholarly journals Simulating carbon and water cycles of larch forests in East Asia by the BIOME-BGC model with AsiaFlux data

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 959-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ueyama ◽  
K. Ichii ◽  
R. Hirata ◽  
K. Takagi ◽  
J. Asanuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Larch Forests ◽  
Water Cycles

Abstract. Larch forests are widely distributed across many cool-temperate and boreal regions, and they are expected to play an important role in global carbon and water cycles. Model parameterizations for larch forests still contain large uncertainties owing to a lack of validation. In this study, a process-based terrestrial biosphere model, BIOME-BGC, was tested for larch forests at six AsiaFlux sites and used to identify important environmental factors that affect the carbon and water cycles at both temporal and spatial scales. The model simulation performed with the default deciduous conifer parameters produced results that had large differences from the observed net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE), and evapotranspiration (ET). Therefore, we adjusted several model parameters in order to reproduce the observed rates of carbon and water cycle processes. This model calibration, performed using the AsiaFlux data, substantially improved the model performance. The simulated annual GPP, RE, NEE, and ET from the calibrated model were highly consistent with observed values. The observed and simulated GPP and RE across the six sites were positively correlated with the annual mean air temperature and annual total precipitation. On the other hand, the simulated carbon budget was partly explained by the stand disturbance history in addition to the climate. The sensitivity study indicated that spring warming enhanced the carbon sink, whereas summer warming decreased it across the larch forests. The summer radiation was the most important factor that controlled the carbon fluxes in the temperate site, but the VPD and water conditions were the limiting factors in the boreal sites. One model parameter, the allocation ratio of carbon between belowground and aboveground, was site-specific, and it was negatively correlated with the annual climate of annual mean air temperature and total precipitation. Although this study substantially improved the model performance, the uncertainties that remained in terms of the sensitivity to water conditions should be examined in ongoing and long-term observations.

Analysis of Steel Samples Collected from Power Plant Water Cycles Using Electrochemistry and Electron Microscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol MA2020-01 (14) ◽  
pp. 968-968
Author(s):  
Derek M. Hall ◽  
Stephen J. Shulder ◽  
Serguei N. Lvov
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Water Cycles

scholarly journals Characterizing Tree Spatial Distribution Patterns Using Discrete Aerial Lidar Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Guang Zheng ◽  
Zengxin Yun ◽  
L. Monika Moskal
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Point Processes ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Pair Correlation ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Spatial Distribution Patterns ◽  
Water Cycles

Tree spatial distribution patterns such as random, regular, and clustered play a crucial role in numerical simulations of carbon and water cycles and energy exchanges between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere. An efficient approach is needed to characterize tree spatial distribution patterns quantitatively. This study aims to employ increasingly available aerial laser scanning (ALS) data to capture individual tree locations and further characterize their spatial distribution patterns at the landscape or regional levels. First, we use the pair correlation function to identify the categories (i.e., random, regular, and clustered) of tree spatial distribution patterns, and then determine the unknown parameters of statistical models used for approximating each tree spatial distribution pattern using ALS-based metrics. After applying the proposed method in both natural and urban forest sites, our results show that ALS-based tree crown radii can capture 58%–77% (p < 0.001) variations of visual-based measurements depending on forest types and densities. The root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of ALS-based tree locations increase from 1.46 m to 2.51 m as the forest densities increasing. The Poisson, soft-core, and hybrid-Gibbs point processes are determined as the optimal models to approximate random, regular, and clustered tree spatial distribution patterns, respectively. This work provides a solid foundation for improving the simulation accuracy of forest canopy bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) and further obtain a better understanding of the processes of carbon and water cycles of forest ecosystems.

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