scholarly journals Double Dividend of the Carbon Tax in Japan: Can We Increase Public Support for Carbon Pricing?

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-255
Author(s):  
Kenji Asakawa ◽  
Kouichi Kimoto ◽  
Shiro Takeda ◽  
Toshi H. Arimura
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Double Dividend ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Tax Reduction ◽  
Cge Modeling

Abstract Carbon pricing is difficult to introduce in many countries because it is not easy to obtain public support for carbon pricing due to the burden associated with it. One way to overcome this difficulty is to rely on the double dividend of a carbon tax. If a government uses revenue from a carbon tax to reduce existing distorting taxes, such as corporate taxes or labor taxes, a carbon tax can improve economic efficiency while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This chapter examines the net burden of a carbon tax with revenue recycling (RR) for two types of stakeholders: firms and households. Using dynamiccomputable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling, we examine the carbon prices needed to achieve the emission targets set for 2030 and 2050. Then, we simulate two types of RR: corporate tax reduction and a reduction in social security payments. We compare the benefit of the tax reduction to the increase in the burden from the carbon tax in scenarios for 2030/2050. In the scenario of corporate tax reduction, by selecting firms from the land transportation sector and power sector, we examine how profit changes due to the carbon tax. We find that the tax burden for a firm in the land transportation sector can be eased greatly with the corporate tax reduction. In the scenario of the social security payment reduction, we find that some households are better off under carbon pricing despite expenditure increases due to the carbon tax. Thus, we show that RR can increase support for the carbon tax.

Energy-Efficient Green Vehicle Routing Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-41
Author(s):  
A. Sruthi ◽  
S.P. Anbuudayasankar ◽  
G. Jeyakumar
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Routing ◽  
Vehicle Routing Problem ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Energy Emission ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Conventional Models ◽  
Distance Minimization

The greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector are one of the major contributors to global warming today. Freight share to GHG emissions is likely to increase 2-fold by 2050. This makes it critical for CO2 emissions to be reduced through an optimized transportation strategy. Vehicle routing, when done efficiently, can reduce these emissions across countries. In this attempt, the traditional distance minimization objective of the vehicle routing problem has been replaced with an energy-emission-centric objective. A model is formulated taking energy and emissions into simultaneous consideration and a typical VRP problem has been evaluated using a genetic algorithm. The application of the proposed model is observed to reduce emissions significantly compared to conventional models. Considering the possibility of increase in carbon tax in future, energy-emission minimized routing would not only aid “green logistics,” but also reduce the environmental costs incurred.

Pemilihan Baterai Kendaraan Listrik dengan Metoda Weighted Objective

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Made Indradjaja M. Brunner ◽  
Satria M. Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Recycling Facilities ◽  
Lead Acid

Transportation is a sector that contributes significantly to CO2 gas emissions and has the potential to continue to increase along with the addition of fossil fuel vehicles. Indonesia has plans to switch to electric vehicles as an alternative to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. The battery is an important component of an electric vehicle, and there are several alternative technologies that can be used. This paper  simulates the selection of a suitable battery from various type of batteries, including Lead-acid (PbA), Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium-ion (Li-ion). The selection is made using the weighted objective method by presenting 5 criteria: energy density; emissions generated for battery production; energy factor of the manufacturing process; availability of critical raw materials required for cathodes and anodes; and availability of recycling facilities. Supporting data to determine the magnitude of each criterion is obtained from literature reviews. The analysis and comparison was carried out by giving weight to the assessment based on the data obtained. The results of calculations carried out in the paper show that the Lead-acid battery is a viable option for use at current time.However, if Indonesia already has NiMH and Li-ion battery recycling facilities, or is capable of producing Lithium-ion batteries, then the criteria and calculation factors can be added and improved.

scholarly journals A Review of Geothermal Technologies and Their Role in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Abatement Cost ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A review of conventional, unconventional, and advanced geothermal technologies highlights just how diverse and multi-faceted the geothermal industry has become, harnessing temperatures from 7 °C to greater than 350 °C. The cost of reducing greenhouse emissions is examined in scenarios where conventional coal or combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants are abated. In the absence of a US policy on a carbon tax, the marginal abatement cost potential of these technologies is examined within the context of the social cost of carbon (SCC). The analysis highlights that existing geothermal heat and power technologies and emerging advanced closed-loop applications could deliver substantial cost-efficient baseload energy, leading to the long-term decarbonization. When considering an SCC of $25, in a 2025 development scenario, geothermal technologies ideally need to operate with full life cycle assessment (FLCA) emissions, lower than 50 kg(CO2)/MWh, and aim to be within the cost range of $30−60/MWh. At these costs and emissions, geothermal can provide a cost-competitive low-carbon, flexible, baseload energy that could replace existing coal and CCGT providing a significant long-term reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study confirms that geothermally derived heat and power would be well positioned within a diverse low-carbon energy portfolio. The analysis presented here suggests that policy and regulatory bodies should, if serious about lowering carbon emissions from the current energy infrastructure, consider increasing incentives for geothermal energy development.

Globalization and U.S. Corporate Tax Policies: Evidence from Import Competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Chen ◽  
Chen Lin ◽  
Xiang Shao
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Import Competition ◽  
Tax Policies ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Dispute ◽  
China Trade ◽  
Tax Reduction

This paper studies how globalization affects the corporate tax policies of U.S. manufacturing firms. Using U.S.-granting China Permanent Normal Trade Relations as a quasi-natural experiment, we find a significant increase in tax reduction activities for firms facing higher exposure to Chinese imports. The effect is more pronounced for firms with higher managerial slack. We also find that the effect is stronger for firms in less diversified products market and faster changing industries. We also show that U.S. firms facing higher Chinese import competition are more likely to engage in other tax-motivated activities: acquisition of subsidiaries in low-tax regions and suspected transfer pricing. Furthermore, we explore the 2017 tax cut and the recent U.S.-China trade dispute and find that firms engage less in tax reduction activities after the 2017 tax cut and after the tariff increase for Chinese imports. This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance.

Carbon Tax Implementation in the Energy Sector: A Comparative Study in G20 and ASEAN Member States (AMS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filda C. Yusgiantoro ◽  
◽  
I Dewa Made Raditya Margenta ◽  
Haryanto Haryanto ◽  
Felicia Grace Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Member States ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Tax Exemptions

1. This report shows that six G20 countries (Japan, South Africa, Argentina, France, Ireland, and Mexico) and one ASEAN Member States (Singapore) have implemented a carbon tax. 2. The energy sector is the primary GHG emissions contributor in most member states, except Indonesia. However, the energy sector in Indonesia will highly contribute to the national GHG emissions considering the rise of energy demand due to economic and population growth. 3. The effectiveness of carbon tax is specific to which sectors are taxed and which sectors are exempt to a country member. Specifically, a higher emissions price may not cover a large share of emissions in the country. The high carbon tax in France only covers 35% of total emissions in its jurisdiction. Meanwhile, Japan and Singapore’s low carbon tax covers 75% and 80% of total emissions in their jurisdiction, respectively. 4. The numbers of sectoral coverage by emissions price will impact the level of revenues generated from the carbon tax. France obtained the most significant carbon tax revenue for more than USD 9.6 billion. Meanwhile, Argentina generated less than USD 1 million, likely due to tax exemptions in natural gas commodities. 5. The contribution level of carbon tax revenue to the government’s total revenue varies for each country. France and Ireland’s carbon tax revenue contributes 0.71% and 0.53% of their total government revenue, respectively. Meanwhile, the rest of the countries’ carbon tax revenue contributed less than 0.3% each to their government revenue.

scholarly journals Exploring Carbon Pricing in Developing Countries: A Macroeconomic Analysis in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4395
Author(s):  
Andualem Telaye Mengistu ◽  
Pablo Benitez ◽  
Seneshaw Tamru ◽  
Haileselassie Medhin ◽  
Michael Toman
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Revenue Recycling ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Tax Reduction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Petroleum Fuels

This study uses a Computable General Equilibrium model to analyze policy scenarios for a carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum fuels and kerosene in Ethiopia. The carbon tax starts at $5 per ton of carbon dioxide in 2018 and rises to $30 per ton in 2030; these rates are translated into taxes on the different energy types covered, depending on their carbon contents. Different scenarios examine the impacts with revenue recycling through a uniform sales tax reduction, reduction of labor income tax, reduction of business income tax, direct transfer back to households, and use by the government to reduce debt. Because petroleum fuels and kerosene are a relatively small part of the Ethiopian economy, the carbon tax has small impacts on overall economic activity and greenhouse gas emissions. In proportional terms, however, the impact on greenhouse gas emissions from these energy sources is notable, depending on the recycling scenario. The assumed carbon tax trajectory also can raise significant revenue—up to $800 million per year by 2030. The impacts on the poor through increased cost of living are not that large, since the share of the poor in total use of the taxed energy types is small. In terms of induced income effects through employment changes, urban households tend to experience more impacts than rural households, but the results also depend on the household skill level and the revenue recycling scenario.

scholarly journals Economic and ecological sustainability of the thermal building envelope: a cross-European perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Tillman Gauer ◽  
Björn-Martin Kurzrock
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Climate Agreements ◽  
Insulation Thickness ◽  
Electric Heat ◽  
Reduce Emissions

The building sector is crucial to reach the goals of common climate agreements. This paper contrasts three approaches to reduce emissions from typical residential buildings in Central Europe: the instalment of electric heat pumps (eHP), a thicker insulation of the thermal envelope and the encumbrance of a carbon tax. The use of less carbon intense fuels allows major savings of GHG emissions. An insulation thickness of 30 cm leads to GHG emission savings of 8% against a thickness of just 12 cm, while total cost savings (LCC) remain negligible. The introduction of a carbon tax of up to 250 €/t-CO2-eq. does not necessarily result in a reduction of GHG emissions due to increased costs of construction. It was further found that the focus of legal building regulations on heating demand is sufficient for now but needs to be revised as carbon intensities continue to decrease. The heating then reduces its share of the GHG emissions from 85 to 55% for typical residential buildings. The paper closes with a general expression of the lifecycle costs of a building which is dependent on the factors above.

The Wage Gap and Public Support for Social Security

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assaf Razin ◽  
Efraim Sadka ◽  
Phillip Swagel
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Public Support

Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Fuelcell-Based Commercial and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahbaz Tahir ◽  
Muzafar Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Power And Energy ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicles

Abstract This paper focuses on FuelCell-based electromobility (Commercial and Heavy-Duty Vehicles) to judge its ability to reduce GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions in the Transport sector as to fulfill Paris Agreement demands to struggle against Global warming. Current LCA studies and literature show that BEVs (Battery Powered Vehicles) offer lesser emissions and better driving experience to users compared to FCEVs (Fuel Cell Vehicles) with existing German’s energy mix, but in the longer run transformation is needed in transportation sector and infrastructure to diminish emissions arising from this sector. Since most of the developed nations are looking beyond 2030 with a vision of renewables integration for Power and Energy so, LCA results proved that: In upcoming decades, FCEVs offer lesser or zero-emissions with same driving experience as provided by BEVs. H2 (Hydrogen) here plays a significant role because its production is very energy-intensive; hence, future Fuel Cell mobility is only beneficial if H2 supply is ensured by renewables. From the historical point of view, Europe always acted as a leader among all continents to fight against climate change, and Germany is the prime economy in Europe and a foremost contributor to GHG emissions. Therefore, it has been chosen for our LCA study.

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