A Practicable Application of Steel Slag and Crushed Stone Together for Road-Pavement Base Layer

O presente trabalho avaliou o comportamento do CBR, na energia intermediária de Proctor, quando são adicionadas porcentagens de 30%, 50% e 75% de brita 1, em massa, ao rejeito de manganês que foi coletado na região do município de Licínio de Almeida. O objetivo foi encontrar uma mistura que atendesse satisfatoriamente aos requisitos do Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes (DNIT) estabelecidos em 2006 para construção de base de pavimentos rodoviários. Os ensaios laboratoriais realizados na energia intermediária de Proctor verificaram a eficiência de cada uma das misturas a partir dos valores de CBR e de sua expansão observados. Com base nos modelos estatísticos desenvolvidos, este trabalho constatou que uma mistura de rejeito de manganês-brita 1, com apenas 39,5% de teor de brita 1, em massa, atende às referidas exigências. A conclusão do trabalho destaca que a adição de um baixo teor de brita 1, em massa, ao rejeito de manganês torna real a possibilidade de obter dois benefícios: combater um problema ambiental e viabilizar de forma altamente qualitativa a construção da base, que é uma das mais importantes camadas do pavimento rodoviário.Palavras-chave: Pavimento; Rejeitos; Manganês; Meio Ambiente LABORATORY ROAD PERFORMANCE OF LICÍNIO DE ALMEIDA (BA) MANGANESE MINING WASTE, WHEN MIXED WITH BRITA 1AbstractThis work aimed to use statistical modeling based on mixtures of materials, type of manganese tailings-crushed stone 1 to find a mixture that satisfactorily met the requirements of the DNIT (National Department of Transport Infrastructure) for the construction of a road pavement base. The crushed stone composed the studied mixtures in the contents of 30%, 50% and 75% by mass. Manganese tailings were classified as silty-sand soil (A-4 from TRB, SM from USCS and NA from MCT); Thus, the CBR behavior was evaluated that takes basis on the efficiency of each of the mixture for the intermediate energy of Proctor. Furthermore, based on developed statistical models, it was found that a mixture of manganese-crushed stone 1, with only 39.5% of gravel content, by mass, it was possible to meet the requirements of the DNIT (2006) for base construction of road pavements. Finally, with the addition of a low content of crushed stone 1, in mass, to the manganese tailings, the possibility of obtaining two benefits is real: to combat an environmental problem and to make possible the construction of the base, which is one of the most important road pavement layers.Keywords: Pavement; Tailings; Manganese; Environment

Download Full-text

Mechanical properties of steel slag replaced mineral aggregate for road base/sub-base application based Vietnam and Japan standard

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-021-16706-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dang Tung Dang ◽

Manh Tuan Nguyen ◽

Tan Phong Nguyen ◽

Tomoo Isawa ◽

Yasutaka Ta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Steel Slag ◽

Road Construction ◽

Test Method ◽

Base Layer ◽

Steelmaking Slag ◽

Mineral Aggregate ◽

Iron And Steel ◽

Volume Stability ◽

Road Pavement

AbstractSteelmaking slag is one of the most massive industrial by-products generated during steelmaking processes. This paper presents the current steelmaking slag production status and its potential to use as mineral aggregates in base/sub-base layer of road pavement. The mechanical properties of steelmaking slag were confirmed by the test method specified in Vietnam specification. The volume stability test of the slag was conducted based on JIS A 5015-2018 (Japanese Industrial Standard: Iron and steel slag for road construction). From the results, it was confirmed that steelmaking slag can satisfy all the mechanical requirements specified in Vietnam specification and the requirements regarding stability specified in JIS A 5015-2018. In addition, it was found that the elastic modulus of steelmaking slag applied as a base or sub-base layer in pavement was higher than that of the conventional graded aggregate made from mineral aggregate. Therefore, the thickness of pavement can be reduced by using steelmaking slag, and the construction cost can be lower.

Download Full-text

Nickel slag waste utilization for road pavement material as strategy to reduce environmental pollution

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202020205003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 202 ◽

pp. 05003

Author(s):

Iwan Susanto ◽

Rulli Ranastra Irawan ◽

Dani Hamdani

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Waste Utilization ◽

Base Layer ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Physical Test ◽

Chemical Test ◽

Road Pavement ◽

Constituent Element ◽

Cbr Test ◽

Pavement Base

The rapid growth of industry could result negative impact on the increasing volume of waste that has the potential to be serious problem for environment. Nickel slag is categorized as Hazardous and Toxic Substances which produced from nickel ore smelting and has large amount of deposits. On the other hand, suitable natural materials for road pavement are less available. Utilization of nickel slag for road pavement with massive, safe, and fulfil the specifications are one of the best solutions to offer. The purpose of this research is to obtain optimum composition to utilize nickel slag for pavement base, by laboratory testing consisting of physical test, chemical test, TCLP, and mechanical strength test. The result of chemical test showed that majority of compound contained are constituent element of cement as SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3. TCLP test showed that toxic substances contained are lower than TCLP-B. The process of sudden cooling of molten slag in the granulation pond lowering the abrasion value of nickel slag. When the process changed without sudden cooling, the result of abrasion test is 39.5%, angularity 100/100, cubical shape, and the granular size can be adjusted as needed. CBR test result also increased up to 115%, which fulfil for pavement base layer.

Download Full-text

The High Activity of Fly Ash Used in Lime - Fly Ash

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.335 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 253-255 ◽

pp. 335-340

Author(s):

Hua Liang Chen ◽

Da Wei Wang

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

High Activity ◽

Crushed Stone ◽

Rigid Base ◽

Aggregate Formation ◽

Test Range ◽

Road Pavement ◽

Pavement Base ◽

Sand And Gravel

Doped fly ash with lime as a binder, can be used to stabilize the crushed stone, sand and gravel, as well as other types of aggregate formation of two gray gravel, two gray gravel and lime soil or other structure used as a road pavement base or sub-base, in order to to verify the effect of the high activity of fly ash in the actual project, taking into account two gray macadam base and cement fly ash macadam base for semi-rigid base type commonly used in the early construction of the highway in Guangxi, the ash proportion indoor test range, and ultimately determine the best ratio.

Download Full-text

Research on the Properties of Mineral–Cement Emulsion Mixtures Using Recycled Road Pavement Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14030563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 563

Author(s):

Łukasz Skotnicki ◽

Jarosław Kuźniewski ◽

Antoni Szydło

Keyword(s):

Road Construction ◽

Base Layer ◽

Asphalt Emulsion ◽

Reclaimed Asphalt ◽

Pavement Materials ◽

Road Pavement ◽

Road Surfaces ◽

Cement Binder ◽

Pavement Structures ◽

By Products

The reduction in natural resources and aspects of environmental protection necessitate alternative uses of waste materials in the area of construction. Recycling is also observed in road construction where mineral–cement emulsion (MCE) mixtures are applied. The MCE mix is a conglomerate that can be used to make the base layer in road pavement structures. MCE mixes contain reclaimed asphalt from old, degraded road surfaces, aggregate improving the gradation, asphalt emulsion, and cement as a binder. The use of these ingredients, especially cement, can cause shrinkage and cracks in road layers. The article presents selected issues related to the problem of cracking in MCE mixtures. The authors of the study focused on reducing the cracking phenomenon in MCE mixes by using an innovative cement binder with recycled materials. The innovative cement binder based on dusty by-products from cement plants also contributes to the optimization of the recycling process in road surfaces. The research was carried out in the field of stiffness, fatigue life, crack resistance, and shrinkage analysis of mineral–cement emulsion mixes. It was found that it was possible to reduce the stiffness and the cracking in MCE mixes. The use of innovative binders will positively affect the durability of road pavements.

Download Full-text

Mitigation of permanent deformation in base layer containing recycled asphalt aggregates

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/cjce-2012-0395 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 181-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jean-Pascal Bilodeau ◽

Guy Doré ◽

Jonas Depatie

Keyword(s):

Asphalt Concrete ◽

Deformation Behaviour ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Design Procedure ◽

Base Layer ◽

Repeated Loading ◽

Recycled Asphalt ◽

Thickness Increase ◽

Permanent Strain ◽

Pavement Base

The use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates as replacement for new materials in the pavement base weakens the layer in regards to the resistance to permanent deformation under repeated loading. A mechanistic based design procedure is proposed to ensure that base layers containing RAP particles have a similar rutting behaviour to base layers made of virgin aggregates. The design procedure allows calculating an asphalt concrete thickness increase that is based on permanent deformation behaviour of base materials. The calculation approach is based on multistage triaxial permanent deformation tests performed on granular material samples with varied RAP content. The tests allowed proposing an equation that relates permanent strain rate, RAP content, and deviatoric stress, which is the basis of the design procedure. Design charts are proposed to select adequate thickness increase for the asphalt concrete layer according to the expected RAP content in the base layer and asphalt concrete modulus.

Download Full-text

Structural Evaluation of Flexible Pavement Constructed with Steel Slag–Fly Ash–Lime Mix in the Base Layer

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 04021097

Author(s):

R. R. Pai ◽

M. D. Bakare ◽

S. Patel ◽

J. T. Shahu

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Steel Slag ◽

Flexible Pavement ◽

Base Layer ◽

Structural Evaluation

Download Full-text

Use of soils and recycled industrial products treated with water glass in the road pavement base courses

Dorogi i mosti ◽

10.36100/dorogimosti2021.23.086 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 86-93

Author(s):

Anatolii Mudrychenko ◽

◽

Andrii Hrinchuk ◽

Ivan Balashov ◽

Sergey Illyasch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blast Furnace ◽

Sodium Silicate ◽

Water Glass ◽

Water Solution ◽

Road Construction ◽

The Road ◽

Road Pavement ◽

Stone Materials ◽

Pavement Base ◽

Local Materials

Introduction. Growing volumes of road construction increase the need to expand and rationally use of raw materials. The need for stone materials can be solved through the wide spread using of local materials, recycled products of industry in the pavement base courses and decreasing the use of natural construction materials by replacing them with alternatives, including soils, slag materials that are metallurgical industry wastes. Experience of ferrous metallurgy slag usage has been accumulated in the road industry of Ukraine. Their usage makes it possible to extend the construction season, increases the strength and reliability of road structures due to their physical and mechanical properties, significantly reduces the road pavement energy consumption, simplifying the technology of works and the estimated cost of road construction. It was determined that the layers of pavement made from blast furnace slag have a high bearing capacity. Slag structures in 5–10 years of hardening are not inferior to, and in 10–20 years surpass cement structures on durability and deformation resistance. However, there is an urgent need to provide strength and open road traffic on the already built road section in a shortest possible term, so there is a need to accelerate the activation of the slow-setting binder. Therefore water glass (water solution of sodium silicate) is used.Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the feasibility of using the soils and recycled industry products treated with water glass in the road pavement base courses.Materials and methods. Experimental tests of soils and blast furnace slags treated with water glass with different content of water solution of sodium silicate were performed.Results. The feasibility of using the asphalt concrete mixtures on the basis of soils and recycled products of industry treated with water glass in the pavement base courses is determined. Recommendations regarding technological parameters of preparation, transportation, laying and compaction of such mixes are given.Conclusions. Performed studies have shown that the physical and mechanical parameters of soils and blast furnace slags treated with water glass meet the requirements of current regulations of Ukraine. The advantages of use are noted, namely: the possibility of replacement of traditional stone materials by the local materials and recycled products of industry, reducing the transport component in the cost of construction. The obtained results indicate the feasibility of using the soils and recycled products of industry treated with water glass in the road construction.Keywords: soils, recycled products of industry, graded blast furnace slag, water solution of sodium silicate, water glass

Download Full-text

Moisture Accumulation and Pore Water Pressures at Base of Pavements

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198196154600117 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1546 (1) ◽

pp. 151-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

K. D. Eigenbrod ◽

G. J. A. Kennepohl

Keyword(s):

Pore Water ◽

Base Material ◽

The United States ◽

Base Layer ◽

Frozen Ground ◽

Extensive Field ◽

Pore Water Pressures ◽

Excess Moisture ◽

Pavement Base ◽

Granular Base

A unique mechanism based on extensive field and laboratory studies is presented to account for certain premature failures of flexible pavements in cold areas like those in Scandinavia and in northern parts of Canada and the United States. Water condensing at the interface between pavement and granular base accumulates at subzero temperatures resulting in excess moisture in this zone. During the thaw period of the uppermost base layer, the excess water in the aggregate is trapped between impervious layers of frozen ground to the sides and below as well as an impervious layer of asphalt pavement above. Because of this containment, high pore water pressures can occur, leading to loss in shear strength of the base material and thus to failure of the pavement structure itself. It was found that under special conditions, excess moisture can accumulate in granular base with a silt content greater than 20 percent and very high pore water pressures can develop during initial thaw at the pavement-soil interface. With silt contents of less than 2 percent, excess pore water pressures can be avoided during thaw. It was also shown that when a clean open gravel is placed below the pavement on top of a silty base material, moisture accumulation near the pavement-base interface can be prevented, and thus also the development of high pore water pressures.

Download Full-text