Natural Disaster Shocks and Raw Material Prices in the Steel Industry

A technology of “arsenic removing- sulfuric acid producing- residuals for ironmaking” is proposed for comprehensive utilization of pyrite with high content of arsenic. The effect of roasting temperature and time on arsenic removing was investigated. The arsenic removed residuals obtained under the optimal arsenic removed conditions, was used to be proceeded for sulphur volatilization test. The results demonstrate that final residuals with 63.53% of Fe can be used for steel industry. This technology can be used to fully utilize sulphur and produce high quality concentrate as iron-bearing feed for steel industry, which will help to reduce the pollution of arsenic and extend raw material sourcing for Chinese steel industry.

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ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF IRON SAND PROCESSING INTO SPONGE IRON IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY OF STEEL RAW MATERIALS

Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara ◽

10.33172/jpbh.v9i1.514 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Sovian Aritonang ◽

Jupriyanto Jupriyanto ◽

Riyadi Juhana

Keyword(s):

Steel Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Steel Production ◽

Sponge Iron ◽

Steel Plates ◽

Raw Material ◽

Northern Coast ◽

Shipping Industry ◽

Iron Sponge ◽

The Government

The number of iron sand reserves is mostly spread in the coastal waters of Indonesia, from the coast of Sumatra, the southern of Java to Bali, the beaches of Sulawesi, beaches in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and the northern coast of Papua. Total reserves for ore are 173,810,612 tons and metal as much as 25,412,652.62 tons. But its utilization was not optimal because PT. Krakatau Steel, and PT. Krakatau Posco has produced steel plates only 24,000 to 36,000 tons per year. While the need for steel plates for the shipping industry each year requires 900,000 tons per year. With the need for raw material for steel plates in the form of iron sponges with Fe ≥ 60%, PT. Krakatau Steel is still imported from abroad. The proof is PT. Krakatau Steel before and during the year 2000 still imported Iron Ore Pellets from the countries of Sweden, Chille and Brazil for 3,500,000 tons per year. This condition is the cause of the national steel industry unable to compete with the foreign steel industry because imported raw materials are subject to import duties. This is an opportunity to build a steel raw material company because all this time the steel raw material industry in Indonesia has only two companies. This condition encourages the manufacture of iron sponges, with the process of making iron sponges with technology adapted to installed production capacity. This study analysed the manufacture of iron sponges using Cipatujah iron sand, as raw material for the manufacture of iron sponges, with the results obtained in the form of iron sponges with the highest levels of Fe ≥60.44%. This can be used for the purposes of raw materials for steel making PT. Krakatau Steel (PT. KS), because so far PT. KS claims that Fe <60% local sponge iron products. This can encourage the independence of steel raw materials, which impacts on the independence of the defence industry. But the government must also protect and prioritize steel raw materials for national production for national steel production. With the national government steel industry, the consortium of vendors supplying raw material (iron sponge) to maintain the quality and supply of continuous sponge iron.Keywords: iron sand, iron pellet, iron sponge

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Computer Vision-Based Non-Magnetic Object Detection on Moving Conveyors in Steel Industry through Differential Techniques and Performance Evaluation

Computer Vision and Image Processing in Intelligent Systems and Multimedia Technologies - Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-6030-4.ch014 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 247-261

Author(s):

K. C. Manjunatha ◽

H. S. Mohana ◽

P. A. Vijaya

Keyword(s):

Object Detection ◽

Steel Industry ◽

Material Handling ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Raw Material ◽

Smart Control ◽

Image Pixels ◽

And Performance ◽

Video Input

Intelligent process control technology in various manufacturing industries is important. Vision-based non-magnetic object detection on moving conveyor in the steel industry will play a vital role for intelligent processes and raw material handling. This chapter presents an approach for a vision-based system that performs the detection of non-magnetic objects on raw material moving conveyor in a secondary steel-making industry. At single camera level, a vision-based differential algorithm is applied to recognize an object. Image pixels-based differential techniques, optical flow, and motion-based segmentations are used for traffic parameters extraction; the proposed approach extends those futures into industrial applications. The authors implement a smart control system, since they can save the energy and control unnecessary breakdowns in a robust manner. The technique developed for non-magnetic object detection has a single static background. Establishing background and background subtraction from continuous video input frames forms the basis. Detection of non-magnetic materials, which are moving with raw materials, and taking immediate action at the same stage as the material handling system will avoid the breakdowns or power wastage. The authors achieve accuracy up to 95% with the computational time of not more than 1.5 seconds for complete system execution.

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Computer Vision-Based Non-Magnetic Object Detection on Moving Conveyors in Steel Industry Through Differential Techniques and Performance Evaluation

Computer Vision ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-5204-8.ch077 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1820-1837

Author(s):

K. C. Manjunatha ◽

H. S. Mohana ◽

P. A. Vijaya

Keyword(s):

Object Detection ◽

Steel Industry ◽

Material Handling ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Raw Material ◽

Smart Control ◽

Image Pixels ◽

And Performance ◽

Video Input

Intelligent process control technology in various manufacturing industries is important. Vision-based non-magnetic object detection on moving conveyor in the steel industry will play a vital role for intelligent processes and raw material handling. This chapter presents an approach for a vision-based system that performs the detection of non-magnetic objects on raw material moving conveyor in a secondary steel-making industry. At single camera level, a vision-based differential algorithm is applied to recognize an object. Image pixels-based differential techniques, optical flow, and motion-based segmentations are used for traffic parameters extraction; the proposed approach extends those futures into industrial applications. The authors implement a smart control system, since they can save the energy and control unnecessary breakdowns in a robust manner. The technique developed for non-magnetic object detection has a single static background. Establishing background and background subtraction from continuous video input frames forms the basis. Detection of non-magnetic materials, which are moving with raw materials, and taking immediate action at the same stage as the material handling system will avoid the breakdowns or power wastage. The authors achieve accuracy up to 95% with the computational time of not more than 1.5 seconds for complete system execution.

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Machine Vision Based Non-Magnetic Object Detection and Removal on Moving Conveyors in Steel Industry through Differential Techniques

International Journal of Computer Vision and Image Processing ◽

10.4018/ijcvip.2012070105 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 59-70

Author(s):

K. C. Manjunatha ◽

H. S. Mohana ◽

P. A. Vijaya

Keyword(s):

Object Detection ◽

Steel Industry ◽

Material Handling ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Vital Role ◽

Raw Material ◽

Computational Time ◽

Video Input ◽

Intelligent Process

Intelligent process control technology in various manufacturing industries is important. Vision based non-magnetic object detection on moving conveyor in the steel industry will play a vital role for intelligent process and raw material handling. This paper presents an approach for a vision based system which performs the detection of non-magnetic objects on raw material moving conveyor in a secondary steel making industry. At single camera level, a vision based differential algorithm is applied to recognize an object. Image pixels based differential techniques; optical flow and motion based segmentations are used for traffic parameters extraction, the proposed approach extends those futures into industrial applications. The authors can implement smart control system, since they can save the energy and control unnecessary breakdowns in a robust manner. The technique developed for non-magnetic object detection is having single static background. Establishing background and background subtraction from continuous video input frames forms the basis. Detection of non-magnetic materials which are moving with raw materials and taking immediate action at the same stage as material handling system will avoid the breakdowns or power wastage. The authors achieve accuracy up to 95% with the computational time of not more than 1.5 seconds for complete system execution.

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Technology and Mechanism of Valuable Metal Recovery from Pyrite Cinder by Chloridizing Roasting

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1671 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 588-589 ◽

pp. 1671-1676

Author(s):

Shao Jun Bai ◽

Shu Ming Wen ◽

Qi Cheng Feng ◽

Yu Chen ◽

Jian Liu

Keyword(s):

Steel Industry ◽

New Technology ◽

Metal Recovery ◽

Raw Material ◽

Pyrite Cinder ◽

Valuable Metal ◽

Zinc Compounds ◽

Lead And Zinc ◽

Chinese Steel Industry ◽

Iron Bearing

A new technology of pellet production-drying-chloridizing roasting is proposed for valuable metal recovery from pyrite cinder with high content of lead and zinc. The pyrite cinder, containing 60.15% Fe, 2.02% Pb and 2.15% Zn, was pelletized with addition of 2% bentonite in pan pelletizer. Green balls after drying were roasting at 1100 °C for 60 min with 5 wt % of CaCl2 addition in tube furnace. The results demonstrate that pellets with 61.58% of TFe, lead and zinc volatile ratios of 98.02% and 96.83% were obtained. Key technique is that CaCl2 reacts with lead and zinc compounds and the chloride can be volatilized at moderate temperatures. This new technology can recover the valuable metal fully from pyrite cinder and produce qualified concentrate as iron-bearing feed for steel industry, which will help to solve the pollution of pyrite cinder and extend raw material sourcing for Chinese steel industry.

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Effect of High Temperature Process on Microstructure and Properties of Industrial Steel Slag Cement

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.814.413 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 814 ◽

pp. 413-418

Author(s):

Fang Wang ◽

Ming Han Xu ◽

Rui Hua Wang ◽

Chao Yang ◽

Ai Xia Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Steel Industry ◽

High Performance ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Steel Slag ◽

Holding Time ◽

Raw Material ◽

Experimental Comparison ◽

Slag Cement ◽

Actual Performance

The construction industry continues to develop and the requirements for cement performance are getting higher and higher. At the same time, in the steel industry, the discharge of steel slag is also increasing. The effective reuse of steel slag has become a prominent problem in the steel industry. . Therefore, it is envisaged to use steel slag as a raw material for the cement production process to produce cement and to produce high-performance cement. The main raw materials of this experiment are steel slag, limestone, sandstone and shale. Through the cement preparation process, the cement is made, and then the cement is made into concrete to test its performance. This experiment mainly studies the sintering temperature and holding time variable. In the experimental test, the analysis and comparison were carried out in five aspects of the degree of macroscopic cracking, particle size, density, microstructure and composition. In the comparison experiment of sintering temperature, with the increase of temperature, the flexural and compressive properties of cement gradually increased. In this test, 1200 °C is the most suitable temperature for the performance of the cement. Through the experimental comparison of different holding time, it is known that with the prolonging of the holding time, the microstructure and actual performance of the cement are continuously enhanced. Comprehensive consideration: the ratio of steel slag in cement ratio is 10%, sintering temperature is 1200 °C, and heat preservation is 2h. The steel slag cement prepared under this condition has the strongest performance.

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Raw material inventory solution in iron and steel industry using Lagrangian relaxation

Journal of the Operational Research Society ◽

10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602335 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 44-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

L Tang ◽

G Liu ◽

J Liu

Keyword(s):

Lagrangian Relaxation ◽

Steel Industry ◽

Raw Material ◽

Iron And Steel Industry ◽

Iron And Steel

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The use of metallurgical slag as a by-product of the steel industry in chemical melioration of acid soils

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ◽

10.5937/metmateng1403191s ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 191-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aleksandra Stanojković-Sebić ◽

Srboljub Maksimović ◽

Dragana Jošić ◽

Radmila Pivić

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Steel Industry ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Acid Soils ◽

Metallurgical Slag ◽

Raw Material ◽

Agricultural Practice ◽

Controlled Conditions ◽

Secondary Raw Material

The effect of metallurgical slag application on chemical properties of the soils with limited productive ability (Stagnosol), as well as on chemical composition of cultivated vegetables (spinach and cabbage) as experimental crops, through the vegetative experiments performed in semi-controlled conditions, was studied. The longterm investigations were aimed to define the main parameters for possible wider usage of this secondary raw material (by-product of the steel industry, respectively) for chemical melioration and fertilization of acid soils in Serbia, as well as to indicate the justification of its application in agricultural practice. Generally, it was concluded that the studied metallurgical slag of the standardized chemical composition can be added to the acid soils toward amelioration the fertility without adverse effects.

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Energy Intensity of Steel Manufactured Utilising EAF Technology as a Function of Investments Made: The Case of the Steel Industry in Poland

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14165152 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (16) ◽

pp. 5152

Author(s):

Bożena Gajdzik ◽

Włodzimierz Sroka ◽

Jolita Vveinhardt

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Steel Industry ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Energy Intensity ◽

Factor Model ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Steel Production ◽

Basic Oxygen Furnace ◽

Raw Material ◽

Steel Scrap

The production of steel in the world is dominated by two types of technologies: BF + BOF (the blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace, also known as integrated steel plants) and EAF (the electric arc furnace). The BF + BOF process uses a lot of natural resources (iron ore is a feedstock for steel production) and fossil fuels. As a result, these steel mills have a significantly negative impact on the environment. In turn, EAF technology is characterised by very low direct emissions and very high indirect emissions. The raw material for steel production is steel scrap, the processing of which is highly energy-consuming. This paper analyses the energy intensity of steel production in Poland as a function of investments made in the steel industry in the years 2000–2019. Statistical data on steel production in the EAF process in Poland (which represents an approximately 50% share of the steel produced, as the rest is produced utilising the BF + BOF process) was used. Slight fluctuations are caused by the periodic switching of technology for economic or technical reasons. The hypothesis stating that there is a relationship between the volume of steel production utilising the EAF process and the energy consumption of the process, which is influenced by investments, was formulated. Econometric modelling was used as the research method and three models were constructed: (1) a two-factor power model; (2) a linear two-factor model; and (3) a linear one-factor model. Our findings show that the correlation is negative, that is, along with the increase in technological investments in electric steel plants in Poland, a decrease in the energy consumption of steel produced in electric furnaces was noted during the analysed period.

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