Antimicrobial Resistance Traits and Resistance Mechanisms in Bacterial Pathogens

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Deepjyoti Paul ◽  
Jyoti Verma ◽  
Anindita Banerjee ◽  
Dipasri Konar ◽  
Bhabatosh Das
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance Traits

Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance Among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in a Tertiary Care Centre in North India

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
Javaid Ahmad Bhat ◽  
Shariq Rashid Masoodi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
North India ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Mupirocin Resistance

Apropos to the article by Dr Bali, titled “Mupirocin resistance in clinical isolates of methicillin-sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care centre of North India” (1), the authors have raised important issue of emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society. As per WHO, AMR lurks the effective prevention and management of an ever-increasing spectrum of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. Novel resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening the man’s ability to treat common infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Antimicrobials and Food-Related Stresses as Selective Factors for Antibiotic Resistance along the Farm to Fork Continuum

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Federica Giacometti ◽  
Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski ◽  
Susana Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Real Risk ◽  
Cross Adaptation ◽  
Novel Approaches

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem and there has been growing concern associated with its widespread along the animal–human–environment interface. The farm-to-fork continuum was highlighted as a possible reservoir of AMR, and a hotspot for the emergence and spread of AMR. However, the extent of the role of non-antibiotic antimicrobials and other food-related stresses as selective factors is still in need of clarification. This review addresses the use of non-antibiotic stressors, such as antimicrobials, food-processing treatments, or even novel approaches to ensure food safety, as potential drivers for resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. The co-selection and cross-adaptation events are covered, which may induce a decreased susceptibility of foodborne bacteria to antibiotics. Although the available studies address the complexity involved in these phenomena, further studies are needed to help better understand the real risk of using food-chain-related stressors, and possibly to allow the establishment of early warnings of potential resistance mechanisms.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide (NO) elicits aminoglycoside tolerance in Escherichia coli but antibiotic resistance gene carriage and NO sensitivity have not co-evolved

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia A. Ribeiro ◽  
Luke A. Rahman ◽  
Louis G. Holmes ◽  
Ayrianna M. Woody ◽  
Calum M. Webster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Current Work ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Respiratory Inhibitor

AbstractThe spread of multidrug-resistance in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens presents a major clinical challenge, and new approaches are required to combat these organisms. Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known antimicrobial that is produced by the immune system in response to infection, and numerous studies have demonstrated that NO is a respiratory inhibitor with both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. However, given that loss of aerobic respiratory complexes is known to diminish antibiotic efficacy, it was hypothesised that the potent respiratory inhibitor NO would elicit similar effects. Indeed, the current work demonstrates that pre-exposure to NO-releasers elicits a > tenfold increase in IC50 for gentamicin against pathogenic E. coli (i.e. a huge decrease in lethality). It was therefore hypothesised that hyper-sensitivity to NO may have arisen in bacterial pathogens and that this trait could promote the acquisition of antibiotic-resistance mechanisms through enabling cells to persist in the presence of toxic levels of antibiotic. To test this hypothesis, genomics and microbiological approaches were used to screen a collection of E. coli clinical isolates for antibiotic susceptibility and NO tolerance, although the data did not support a correlation between increased carriage of antibiotic resistance genes and NO tolerance. However, the current work has important implications for how antibiotic susceptibility might be measured in future (i.e. ± NO) and underlines the evolutionary advantage for bacterial pathogens to maintain tolerance to toxic levels of NO.

scholarly journals Resistance and Adaptation of Bacteria to Non-Antibiotic Antibacterial Agents: Physical Stressors, Nanoparticles, and Bacteriophages

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Sada Raza ◽  
Kinga Matuła ◽  
Sylwia Karoń ◽  
Jan Paczesny
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant threat to human health worldwide, forcing scientists to explore non-traditional antibacterial agents to support rapid interventions and combat the emergence and spread of drug resistant bacteria. Many new antibiotic-free approaches are being developed while the old ones are being revised, resulting in creating unique solutions that arise at the interface of physics, nanotechnology, and microbiology. Specifically, physical factors (e.g., pressure, temperature, UV light) are increasingly used for industrial sterilization. Nanoparticles (unmodified or in combination with toxic compounds) are also applied to circumvent in vivo drug resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Recently, bacteriophage-based treatments are also gaining momentum due to their high bactericidal activity and specificity. Although the number of novel approaches for tackling the antimicrobial resistance crisis is snowballing, it is still unclear if any proposed solutions would provide a long-term remedy. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of how bacteria acquire resistance against these non-antibiotic factors. We also discuss innate bacterial defense systems and how bacteriophages have evolved to tackle them.

Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, MLST and NG-STAR sequence types of diverse Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nireshni Mitchev ◽  
Ravesh Singh ◽  
Mushal Allam ◽  
Stanford Kwenda ◽  
Arshad Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
Genotypic Analysis ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Sequence Types

Objective: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major challenge to managing infectious diseases. Africa has the highest incidence of gonorrhoea but there is a lack of comprehensive data from sparse surveillance programs. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology and AMR profiles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in KwaZulu-Natal province (KZN), South Africa. Methods: Repository isolates, from patients attending public healthcare clinics for STI care, were used for phenotypic and genotypic analysis. Etest® was performed to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to determine epidemiology and to predict susceptibility by detecting resistance-associated genes and mutations. Results: Among the 61 isolates, multiple sequence types were identified. Six isolates were novel as determined by multilocus sequence typing. N.gonorrhoeae Sequence Typing for Antimicrobial Resistance (NG-STAR) determined 48 sequence types, of which 35 isolates had novel antimicrobial profiles. Two novel penA alleles and eight novel mtrR alleles were identified. Point mutations were detected in gyrA , parC , mtrR , penA , ponA and porB1 . This study revealed a high prevalence of AMR (penicillin 67%, tetracycline 89% and ciprofloxacin 52%). However, spectinomycin, cefixime, ceftriaxone and azithromycin remained 100% effective. Conclusion: This study is one of the first to comprehensively describe the epidemiology and AMR of N. gonorrhoeae in KZN, South Africa and Africa, using WGS. KZN has a wide strain diversity and most of these sequence types have been detected in multiple countries, however more than half of our isolates have novel antimicrobial profiles. Continued surveillance is crucial to monitor the emergence of resistance to cefixime, ceftriaxone and azithromycin.

PATTERNS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AMONG MAJOR BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES IN TWO TERTIARY’S HOSPITALS, IN SANA'A, YEMEN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Zaid Al-Shami ◽  
Muhamed Ahmed Al-Haimi ◽  
Omar Ahmed Esma’il Al-dossary ◽  
Abeer Abdulmahmood Mohamed Nasher ◽  
Mohammed Mohammed Ali Al-Najhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Hemolytic Streptococcus ◽  
Study Results

Background and objectives: At the present time, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health hazard, with antimicrobial resistance bacteria increasing exponentially. This study estimates the epidemiological profiles and antimicrobial resistance of Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and Gram-negative bacteria (GNB)  isolated from clinical samples among patients admitted to two University hospitals in Sana'a city for one year (2019). Methods: This was a retrospective study of clinical samples of patients collected from January 1, 2019 to December 30, 2019. All samples were appraised to determine presence of infectious agents using standard methods for isolation and identification of bacteria and yeasts from clinical samples of patients admitted to Al-Gumhouri University Hospital and Al-Kuwait University Hospital in Sana'a city. Antibiotic resistance was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods. Results:  2,931 different pathogenic bacteria were detected from 24,690 different clinical specimens. The samples had an overall detection rate of 11.9% (2931/24,690). Among the bacterial pathogens isolated from clinical samples, 52.4% (n=1536) had GPB and 41.2% (n=1207) had GNB. The predominant GNB isolates were E.coli (22.04%), Klebsiella spp (6.03%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (1.46%), Enterobacter spp. (1.09%), Citrobacter spp. (1.16%), respectively. Among the GPB, S.aureus was the most common (26.3%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (8.1%), Non-hemolytic Streptococcus (9.1%), Other alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus (3.9%), Streptococcus pyogenes (1.9%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (0.5% ). A high rate of antibiotic resistance was recorded for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (85.5%), ceftazidime (81.07%), ampicillin (70.4%), cefuroxime (66.4%). Conclusions:  The current study results revealed that the rate of resistance between GNB and GPB is associated with the incidence of different infections in patients attending two major tertiary hospitals in Sana'a city is very high. These results indicate ongoing screening and follow-up programs to detect antibiotic resistance, and also suggest the development of antimicrobial stewardship programs in Sana'a, Yemen.                     Peer Review History: Received: 9 September 2021; Revised: 11 October; Accepted: 23 October, Available online: 15 November 2021 Academic Editor:  Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Rima Benatoui, Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, BP12 E L Hadjar–Algeria, [email protected] Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected] Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected] Similar Articles: PREVALENCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (P. AERUGINOSA) AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS AT A PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEMEN EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE OF BIOFILM FORMS OF AVIAN SALMONELLA GALLINARUM TO FLUOROQUINOLONES

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirijan Santajit ◽  
Nitaya Indrawattana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Eskape Pathogens

The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andEnterobacterspecies) are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world. Most of them are multidrug resistant isolates, which is one of the greatest challenges in clinical practice. Multidrug resistance is amongst the top three threats to global public health and is usually caused by excessive drug usage or prescription, inappropriate use of antimicrobials, and substandard pharmaceuticals. Understanding the resistance mechanisms of these bacteria is crucial for the development of novel antimicrobial agents or other alternative tools to combat these public health challenges. Greater mechanistic understanding would also aid in the prediction of underlying or even unknown mechanisms of resistance, which could be applied to other emerging multidrug resistant pathogens. In this review, we summarize the known antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens.

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