The Role of Renewable Gas in the Mobility Emission Mitigation Strategies

2022 ◽  
pp. 157-193
Author(s):  
J. Seijas Morató ◽  
S. Coria Rodil ◽  
L. F. Mazadiego ◽  
A. Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Emission Mitigation

scholarly journals The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Johannes Delgado-Ospina ◽  
Junior Bernardo Molina-Hernández ◽  
Clemencia Chaves-López ◽  
Gianfranco Romanazzi ◽  
Antonello Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Cocoa Production

Background: The role of fungi in cocoa crops is mainly associated with plant diseases and contamination of harvest with unwanted metabolites such as mycotoxins that can reach the final consumer. However, in recent years there has been interest in discovering other existing interactions in the environment that may be beneficial, such as antagonism, commensalism, and the production of specific enzymes, among others. Scope and approach: This review summarizes the different fungi species involved in cocoa production and the cocoa supply chain. In particular, it examines the presence of fungal species during cultivation, harvest, fermentation, drying, and storage, emphasizing the factors that possibly influence their prevalence in the different stages of production and the health risks associated with the production of mycotoxins in the light of recent literature. Key findings and conclusion: Fungi associated with the cocoa production chain have many different roles. They have evolved in a varied range of ecosystems in close association with plants and various habitats, affecting nearly all the cocoa chain steps. Reports of the isolation of 60 genera of fungi were found, of which only 19 were involved in several stages. Although endophytic fungi can help control some diseases caused by pathogenic fungi, climate change, with increased rain and temperatures, together with intensified exchanges, can favour most of these fungal infections, and the presence of highly aggressive new fungal genotypes increasing the concern of mycotoxin production. For this reason, mitigation strategies need to be determined to prevent the spread of disease-causing fungi and preserve beneficial ones.

The Potential for Transmission of Coronaviruses via Sports Equipment; A Cricket Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory England ◽  
Nicholas Peirce ◽  
Joseph Torresi ◽  
Sean Mitchell ◽  
Andy Harland
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

AbstractA review of literature on the role of fomites in transmission of coronaviruses informed the development of a framework which was used to qualitatively analyse a cricket case study, where equipment is shared and passed around, and identify potential mitigation strategies. A range of pathways were identified that might in theory allow coronavirus transmission from an infected person to a non-infected person via communal or personal equipment fomites or both. Eighteen percent of potential fomite based interactions were found to be non-essential to play including all contact with another persons equipment. Six opportunities to interrupt the transmission pathway were identified, including the recommendation to screen participants for symptoms prior to play. Social distancing between participants and avoiding unnecessary surface contact provides two opportunities; firstly to avoid equipment exposure to infected respiratory droplets and secondly to avoid uninfected participants touching potential fomites. Hand sanitisation and equipment sanitisation provide two further opportunities by directly inactivating coronavirus. Preventing players from touching their mucosal membranes with their hands represents the sixth potential interruption. Whilst potential fomite transmission pathways were identified, evidence suggests that viral load will be substantially reduced during surface transfer. Mitigation strategies could further reduce potential fomites, suggesting that by comparison, direct airborne transmission presents the greater risk in cricket.

scholarly journals Stabilizing electrodeposition in elastic solid electrolytes containing immobilized anions

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. e1600320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukul D. Tikekar ◽  
Lynden A. Archer ◽  
Donald L. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Solid ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Metal Electrode ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Morphological Instabilities ◽  
The Stability

Ion transport–driven instabilities in electrodeposition of metals that lead to morphological instabilities and dendrites are receiving renewed attention because mitigation strategies are needed for improving rechargeability and safety of lithium batteries. The growth rate of these morphological instabilities can be slowed by immobilizing a fraction of anions within the electrolyte to reduce the electric field at the metal electrode. We analyze the role of elastic deformation of the solid electrolyte with immobilized anions and present theory combining the roles of separator elasticity and modified transport to evaluate the factors affecting the stability of planar deposition over a wide range of current densities. We find that stable electrodeposition can be easily achieved even at relatively high current densities in electrolytes/separators with moderate polymer-like mechanical moduli, provided a small fraction of anions are immobilized in the separator.

scholarly journals The Key Role of Production Efficiency Changes in Livestock Methane Emission Mitigation

AGU Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfeng Chang ◽  
Shushi Peng ◽  
Yi Yin ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Petr Havlik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Emission Mitigation

Ecotourism in Protected Areas

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaunette M. Sinclair-Maragh
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Ecological Resources

This chapter explores the role of ecotourism in the sustainable development of protected areas. It specifically examines the aims of ecotourism in simultaneously contributing to economic development and environmental sustainability in protected areas. The chapter further analyzes protected areas within the ecological, human, and institutional dimensions, and demonstrates how the outcomes of ecotourism are linked to the economic, social, and environmental pillars that drive sustainable development. The chapter also discusses challenges surrounding the sustainability of ecotourism in protected areas and several mitigation strategies. It concludes that while ecotourism aims for economic development it can have detrimental effects on the ecological resources and host communities if not managed in a strategic sustainable way. The chapter recommends that ecotourism in protected areas should be carried out within the realm of environmental justice where all stakeholders and the natural environment are treated with respect and equity.

scholarly journals Effective transmission across the globe: the role of climate in COVID-19 mitigation strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. e172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M O'Reilly ◽  
Megan Auzenbergs ◽  
Yalda Jafari ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Stefan Flasche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Effective Transmission

scholarly journals Effects of organic coating on the nitrate formation by suppressing the N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> heterogeneous hydrolysis: a case study during wintertime in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 8189-8207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lang Liu ◽  
Jiarui Wu ◽  
Suixin Liu ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Jiamao Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Coating ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
Sensitivity Studies ◽  
Haze Episode ◽  
Haze Formation

Abstract. Although stringent emission mitigation strategies have been carried out since 2013 in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China, heavy haze with high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) still frequently engulfs the region during wintertime and the nitrate contribution to PM2.5 mass has progressively increased. N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis is the most important pathway of nitrate formation at nighttime. In the present study, the WRF-Chem model is applied to simulate a heavy haze episode from 10 to 27 February 2014 in BTH to evaluate contributions of N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis to nitrate formation and effects of organic coating. The model generally performs reasonably well in simulating meteorological parameters, air pollutants, and aerosol species against observations in BTH. N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis with all the secondary organic aerosol assumed to be involved in coating considerably improves the nitrate simulations compared to the measurements in Beijing. On average, organic coating decreases nitrate concentrations by 8.4 % in BTH during an episode, and N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis with organic coating contributes about 30.1 % of nitrate concentrations. Additionally, the reaction also plays a considerable role in the heavy haze formation, with a PM2.5 contribution of about 11.6 % in BTH. Sensitivity studies also reveal that future studies need to be conducted to predict the organic aerosol hygroscopicity for accurately representing the organic coating effect on N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis.

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