Occurrence of members of the insulin superfamily in central nervous system and digestive tract of protochordates

1993 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reinecke ◽  
D. Betzler ◽  
K. Drakenberg ◽  
S. Falkmer ◽  
V. R. Sara
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Insulin Superfamily

A Review on Coronaviruses: The Infectious Agent to Animals and Human

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
NiLuh Putu Indi Dharmayanti ◽  
Diana Nurjanah
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
The World

Coronavirus is a non-segmented, positive-stranded RNA virus with four main structural proteins, namely Spike (S), Membrane (M), Envelope (E), and Nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Coronavirus can cause diseases in the respiratory and digestive tract, as well as in central nervous system of animals and humans. There are four genera in the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily, including <em>Alphacoronavirus</em>, <em>Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus</em>, and <em>Deltacoronavirus</em>. <em>Alphacoronavirus </em>and <em>Betacoronavirus </em>are commonly found in mammals, while <em>Gammacoronavirus </em>and <em>Deltacoronavirus </em>are found to infect  birds and mammals. Until 2018, zoonoses coronaviruses consisted of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Coronavirus became worldwide concern after it was identified as the cause of the pneumonia outbreak occurred at the end of 2019 in China. The coronavirus is associated with the fish market in Wuhan, then the disease is called COVID-19 (Coronavirus Infectious Diseases-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2. Virus SARS-CoV-2 has infected &gt;1.6 million people around the world and until the end of March 2020, it caused more than 99.000 deaths including 3.512 cases with the total number of deaths to 306 in Indonesia. This paper discusses Coronavirus and scientific information related to Coronaviruses in which several variants are zoonoses.

RET-protooncogene variants in patients with sporadic neoplasms of the digestive tract and the central nervous system

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 835-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Rückert ◽  
Heike Görgens ◽  
Ines Richter ◽  
Dietmar Krex ◽  
Gabriele Schackert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Ret Protooncogene ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Stress induced experimental colitis

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Stein ◽  
L. Keegan ◽  
L.-J. Auguste ◽  
B. Bailey ◽  
L. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cold Restraint

Stress induces chemical changes in the central nervous system which alters the biochemistry and physiology of the digestive tract. The present study determines arachidonic acid oxidation and damage in the colon following stress. Ten rats were stressed by the cold-restraint method; ten were controls. Stress induced 0.5 ± 0.7 (S.D.) mucosal erosions whereas controls had none. Subepithelial hemorrhage and erosions occurred only in the proximal two-thirds of the colon. Prostaglandin E2synthesis was increased after stress compared to the control (381 ± 130 vs. 1610 ± 372 ng/g/min). Leukotriene C4synthesis also increased after stress (4217 ± 994 vs. 11300 ± 1662 ng/g/min). Synthesis of prostaglandin E2increased (r = 0.9381) with leukotriene C4. The response of the colon to stress is less severe than that in the stomach and may be related to regional regulation of prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis.

scholarly journals Preservation of nautilid soft parts inside and outside the conch interpreted as central nervous system, eyes, and renal concrements from the Lebanese Cenomanian

2021 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Klug ◽  
Alexander Pohle ◽  
Rosemarie Roth ◽  
René Hoffmann ◽  
Ryoji Wani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Chamber ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anatomical Detail

AbstractNautilid, coleoid and ammonite cephalopods preserving jaws and soft tissue remains are moderately common in the extremely fossiliferous Konservat-Lagerstätte of the Hadjoula, Haqel and Sahel Aalma region, Lebanon. We assume that hundreds of cephalopod fossils from this region with soft-tissues lie in collections worldwide. Here, we describe two specimens of Syrionautilus libanoticus (Cymatoceratidae, Nautilida, Cephalopoda) from the Cenomanian of Hadjoula. Both specimens preserve soft parts, but only one shows an imprint of the conch. The specimen without conch displays a lot of anatomical detail. We homologise the fossilised structures as remains of the digestive tract, the central nervous system, the eyes, and the mantle. Small phosphatic structures in the middle of the body chamber of the specimen with conch are tentatively interpreted as renal concrements (uroliths). The absence of any trace of arms and the hood of the specimen lacking its conch is tentatively interpreted as an indication that this is another leftover fall (pabulite), where a predator lost parts of its prey. Other interpretations such as incomplete scavenging are also conceivable.

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

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