Continuous automatic measurement of the temperature, oxygen content, and carbon content in melting steel in a two-bath furnace

Metallurgist ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 422-425
Author(s):  
V. A. Vanchikov ◽  
I. M. Konovalov ◽  
Yu. I. Bulatov ◽  
E. A. Nechaev ◽  
V. I. Krasovitskii
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
Bath Furnace

Influence of Oxygen and Boron on Defect Production in Irradiated Silicon

1987 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Drevinsky ◽  
C. E. Caefer ◽  
S. P. Tobin ◽  
J. C. Mikkelsen ◽  
L. C. Kimerling
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Boron Concentration ◽  
Electron Trap ◽  
Hole Trap ◽  
Defect Production ◽  
Interstitial Defects ◽  
Defect Reactions ◽  
P Type ◽  
Initial Results

ABSTRACTIntroduction rates of dominant defects have been determined for electron-irradiated, p-type silicon as a function of oxygen and boron concentration. Samples included those with oxygen content ranging from 8 × 1015 to 7 × 1017 cm−3. Initial results are described for samples with measured carbon content varying from 2 × 1015 to 6 × 1016 cm−3. Competing defect reactions involving the interstitial defects, Bi and Ci, and oxygen, boron, and carbon are observed. The identities of an electron trap (Bi-Oi) and a hole trap (Bi-Bs) have been clarified.

Influence of Smoke on Metallographic Structure of Short Circuited Melted Mark

2012 ◽  
Vol 591-593 ◽  
pp. 945-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Tie Wang ◽  
Wei Gao
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Metallographic Structure ◽  
Smoke Particles ◽  
Normal Environment

When fire breaks out, the gas composition and concentration as well as smoke concentration of burning part vary from those in normal environment. The gas and smoke absorbed during solidification of short circuited melted mark occurred in such environment will certainly have an effect on grain shape, grain size, holes distribution and impurity element distribution of organization of melted mark. The gas in the environment has a certain influence on the organization of short circuited melted mark, but the influence is smaller than that of smoke. The reason may be that the gas is mingled with certain amount of tiny smoke particles inevitably which play a role in the solidification of melted mark. Compared with short-circuit samples in normal atmosphere, carbon content of short-circuit samples increases and oxygen content decreases in the environment of smoke.

Smelting Cleaness Control of Supercritical Rotor Steel 30Cr2Ni4MoV

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Teng Chang Lin ◽  
Rong Zhu ◽  
Wei Xing ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
Wen Juan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Rotor Steel ◽  
Steel Cleanliness ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

The cleanness of 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel was researched by chemical analysis, SEM and electrolytic experiment. The results show that the large-sized inclusions in the casting is the direct reason for the product to scrap. It found that there is a increase trend of large-sized inclusions and oxygen content from VD to pouring process with a cleanness detection of smelting process. It have achieved a good effect by adopting some measures to improve steel cleanliness which includes controlling the carbon content of EAF tapping reasonablly, low melting point controlling of inclusions, extending soft blow time and optimizing the flow field of tundish. The quantity of inclusions has reduced from 38.8 per square millimeter to 16.0 per square millimeter. The oxygen content has reduced from 58 × 10-6 to 32 × 10-6, and the nitrogen contents has reduced from 85 × 10-6 to 70 × 10-6 after process improvment.

scholarly journals Metamorphism Indicators for Establishing the Endogenic Fire Hazard of Coal Mining Plants in Mining

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 242-248
Author(s):  
V. Tarasov ◽  
◽  
M. Antoshchenko ◽  
Ye. Rudniev ◽  
O. Zolotarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Spontaneous Combustion ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Components

In coal mining, the problem of particular importance is the occurrence of endogenous fires and explosions of the methane-air mixture, which lead to the death of people. The aim of the study is to establish indicators that directly characterize the change in the elemental composition in the process of metamorphic transformations of coals and determine them tendency to spontaneous combustion. Statistical multivariate analysis showed that the degree of metamorphism is the most significant characteristic of the propensity of coal to oxidize. The sum of the content of the main components decreases inversely to the increase in carbon content over the entire range of coal conversion from a small degree of their metamorphism from coal to anthracites. The dependence of decrease in oxygen content with increased carbon is nonlinear. With carbon content of more than 88%, there is a slight decrease in the rate of oxygen reduction in comparison to its decrease at earlier stages of metamorphism. A significant correlation of carbon with oxygen and hydrogen is observed. A characteristic feature of coals containing up to 75% carbon is a wide range of changes in formation moisture and oxygen content in organic matter. It indicates minor transformations of coals at the early stages of metamorphism. One of the signs of an increase in the influence of metamorphic processes is a one-sided increase in the carbon content in organic matter and a functional decrease in the sum of the remaining components - hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.

scholarly journals ON DETERMINING THE COAL CARBONIZATION INDICATOR FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF MINE FIRE HAZARD GROUPS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (154) ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
М. Antoshchenko ◽  
V. Tarasov ◽  
О. Zakharova ◽  
A. Petrov ◽  
A. Zakharova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mine Fire ◽  
Endogenous Fire ◽  
Main Components

The article analyzes the dependence of endogenous fire hazards on the following factors: the degree of coalification, the total sulfur content, the thickness of the developed formations and their structure, the presence of tectonic disturbances. By the genetic propensity of coals to spontaneous combustion, three groups of coal sites are distinguished: І – Vdaf ≥ 41%, Сп ≤ 7, coals of marks D and partially G; ІІ – Vdaf = 40-30%, Сп ≤ 8, coals of marks D and partially F; ІІІ – Vdaf < 36%, Сп >8, coals of marks Zh, K, OS, T. Studies have shown that individual dependences of the decrease in the content of each component (Оo, Нo, No) significantly differ from each other. Decrease in oxygen content, as well as the sum of the main components, occurs with an increase in carbon content. The sum of the content of the main components decreases inversely to the increase in carbon content over the entire range of coal conversion from a small degree of their metamorphism (Со ≈ 70%) to anthracites (Со ≈ 98%). The dependence of decrease in oxygen content with increased carbon is nonlinear. With carbon content of more than 88%, there is a slight decrease in the rate of oxygen reduction in comparison to its decrease at earlier stages of metamorphism. Data analysis showed an almost functional dependence between the sum of the main components of the organic mass (0.995). A significant correlation of carbon with oxygen and hydrogen is observed. A significant scatter of points in experimental data is due to the diversity of composition of the source material, the conditions of its accumulation and transformation for different coal basins and individual coal sites. Studies have shown that the relationships between all the main components of the organic mass of coal during metamorphic transformations change significantly at different stages of these processes. The established dependence of the carbonization index on the carbon content at different stages of coalification allowed us to develop an engineering method for calculating the carbonization index for the entire range of coal metamorphism. The proposed method significantly clarifies the determination of the carbonization index, which is necessary not only for establishing the fire hazard of mine layers, but also for establishing other manifestations of the dangerous properties of coal sites during mining operations. Keywords: carbonization index, endogenous fire hazard, elemental composition, organic mass, metamorphism, coalification.

Study of Interstitial Impurities Influence on Properties of Titanium Alloy Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr-1Zr

2018 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 460-464
Author(s):  
A.V. Zhelnina ◽  
A.G. Illarionov ◽  
A.V. Trubochkin
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry Method ◽  
Interstitial Impurities ◽  
Transus Temperature ◽  
Quenching Method

The effect of different interstitial impurities content (oxygen, carbon) on β - transus temperature and complex of properties in the heat-strengthened condition of the Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr-1Zr (VST55531) titanium alloy has been studied. The possibility of determining alloy β - transus temperature by the differential scanning calorimetry method with accuracy comparable with the test quenching method is shown in this paper. It is shown that under identical aging regimes an increase of oxygen content from 0.176 to 0.25 wt.% and carbon content from 0.009 to 0.025 wt.% in VST55531 alloy results in higher strength, plastic characteristics and lower ductility, toughness characteristics, especially those which related to the crack propagation.

GAMMA–ALPHA REACTIONS IN THE LIGHT NUCLEI OF NUCLEAR EMULSIONS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Greenberg ◽  
J. P. Roalsvig ◽  
R. N. H. Haslam
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Alpha Particle ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Nuclear Emulsions ◽  
Maximum Bremsstrahlung Energy ◽  
The University

Ilford E.1 nuclear emulsions were loaded with various amounts of glycerine to vary the content of carbon and of oxygen, and were then irradiated in the beam of the University of Saskatchewan betatron. The numbers of single alpha-particle tracks and of four-pronged alpha-particle stars were correlated to the oxygen content of the plates and the number of three-pronged stars to the carbon content. The yields for the reactions O16(γ, α)C12, O16(γ, 4α), and C12(γ, 3α) for bremsstrahlung of 24-Mev maximum energy were found without confusion with reactions in other nuclides of the emulsion and without having to rely on momentum balances for identification of the events. It was shown that the method of identification of 016(γ, α)C12 events by the measurement of the track of the C12 was not reliable. The large number of alpha tracks in the energy range 4 to 5 Mev, few of which showed a C12 track, was shown to be due largely to reactions in O16. It was also possible, by irradiating emulsions at 17- and at 24-Mev maximum bremsstrahlung energy, to find the energy levels in O16 and in C12 through which the reactions passed.

The Properties of Activated Carbon Fiber Derived from Direct Activation from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber

2013 ◽  
Vol 686 ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chee Heong Ooi ◽  
Chun Li Ang ◽  
Fei Yee Yeoh
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Activated Carbon Fiber ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Direct Activation

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is an abundant agricultural waste available in Malaysia. More than two million tonnes (dry weight) of extracted oil palm fiber are estimated to be generated annually. Usually the EFB is used as boiler fuel to produce steam in the palm oil mills. EFB fiber can be used to prepare activated carbon fiber (ACF) by carbonization and activation. Conversion of EFB fiber to ACF will reduce the amount of agricultural waste produced annually and it represents a potential source of adsorbents used for adsorption. The ACF has many advantages as compared to the conventional activated carbon found in powder or granular form. These advantages include large surface area, high adsorption capacity and high rates of adsorption from the gas or liquid phase. In this study, ACF produced from EFB fiber by single step direct activation process (ACF-D) was compared against ACF produced by conventional 2-step carbonization and activation (ACF-ND). The different properties between ACFs produced were investigated. The raw EFB and ACFs were characterized by a SEM and EDS, FTIR and XRD. The results show that EFB has carbon content of 63.33 weight percentage (wt %) with oxygen content of 36.67 wt %. ACF-D was found to have a high carbon content of 93.63 wt%, with low oxygen content (5.19 wt %). ACF-ND gave a higher carbon content up to 95.68 wt% and accompanied by a lower oxygen content (3.85 wt %).

Analysis of Copper Wires Residues in Fire Investigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 128-129 ◽  
pp. 373-376
Author(s):  
Ying Wu ◽  
De Cai Han
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Fire Investigation ◽  
Complementary Technique ◽  
Bead Surface ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Fire Cause ◽  
Molten Product

The in-depth composition of carbon and oxygen in copper beads formed by arc and fire were studied by XPS, respectively. Corresponding to the sputtering depth, the molten product on an arc bead surface layer is with drastic decrease of carbon content and with gentle change of oxygen content which then rapid decreases. While the molten product on a fire bead surface layer is with carbon content decreasing gradually and with oxygen content increasing. As a result, the distributing of C and O and the quantitative results can be used to identify the molten product on a bead induced directly by arc and the molten product on a bead formed by fire, as complementary technique for judgments of fire cause.

Influence of Air Distribution Modes on Boiler Efficiency

2015 ◽  
Vol 733 ◽  
pp. 517-521
Author(s):  
Xiao Hui Wang ◽  
Hai Ping Xiao ◽  
Xiang Ning ◽  
Yu Kun Dai
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Beam Waist ◽  
Air Distribution ◽  
Boiler Efficiency ◽  
Distribution Mode ◽  
Secondary Air

The influence of air distribution modes on boiler efficiency was researched by combustion adjustment tests. Boiler efficiency variation was studied by changing factors such as oxygen content, upper tertiary air, over fire air and secondary air distribution modes. Boiler efficiency reached maximum under 3.9% design oxygen content. Carbon content in fly ash increased as upper tertiary air ratio, consequently boiler efficiency declined. Average furnace flame temperature decreased inversely as over fire air baffle opening, and boiler efficiency variation was small. Under different conditions, boiler efficiency varied within 1.12%. Beam waist air distribution mode obtained the highest boiler efficiency.

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