Chemiosmotic systems in medicine

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Chemistry ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Prokaryotic Cell ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Levels

The concept of chemiosmotic systems arises from the pioneering work of Peter Mitchell on two fronts. One is concerned with the mechanisms by which molecules are transported across membranes which are generally barriers to such transport. These mechanisms are inevitably molecular, and are now yielding their secrets to a combination of structural protein chemistry and molecular biology. The other front is more physiological, and explores the functional relationships between metabolism and transport. Nevertheless, the two fronts form a continuum of mutally related structure and function. Chemiosmotic systems provide a hierarchy of complexity, starting from say a uniporter reconstituted in a chemically defined bilayer, and proceeding to greater complexity in mitochondria, chloroplasts, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes, and multicellular systems. Their relationship to medicine is profound, because they provide many opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this paper I present an overview of chemiosmotic systems at different levels of complexity, both molecular and biological, of their involvements in pathology, and of possible pharmacological treatment or prevention of disease.

Structure and Function of the Non-Structural Protein of Dengue Virus and its Applications in Antiviral Therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Xie ◽  
Bao Zhang ◽  
JianHai Yu ◽  
Qinghua Wu ◽  
Fangji Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Estrogen-related Receptor β (ERRβ) – Renaissance Receptor or Receptor Renaissance?

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. nrs.14002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailaja D. Divekar ◽  
Deanna M. Tiek ◽  
Aileen Fernandez ◽  
Rebecca B. Riggins
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Orphan Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Nuclear Receptor Superfamily ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Estrogen Related Receptor

Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are founding members of the orphan nuclear receptor (ONR) subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Twenty-seven years of study have yet to identify cognate ligands for the ERRs, though they have firmly placed ERRα (ESRRA) and ERRγ (ESRRG) at the intersection of cellular metabolism and oncogenesis. The pace of discovery for novel functions of ERRβ (ESRRB), however, has until recently been somewhat slower than that of its family members. ERRβ has also been largely ignored in summaries and perspectives of the ONR literature. Here, we provide an overview of established and emerging knowledge of ERRβ in mouse, man, and other species, highlighting unique aspects of ERRβ biology that set it apart from the other two estrogen-related receptors, with a focus on the impact of alternative splicing on the structure and function of this receptor.

scholarly journals Why Governments Should Invest More in Fundamental Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Venki Ramakrishnan ◽  
Mejd Alsari
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Public Engagement ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Group Leader ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
And Function

Venkatraman ‘Venki’ Ramakrishnan is the President of The Royal Society and Group Leader at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. In 2009 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ‘for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome’. In this interview he explains why governments should invest more in basic scientific research rather than simply on applied science and engineering. He also discusses interdisciplinarity, collaborations, and public engagement.

scholarly journals Using Tertiary Sulci to Map the “Cognitive Globe” of Prefrontal Cortex

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Miller ◽  
Mark D'Esposito ◽  
Kevin S. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
And Function

Stuss considered the human prefrontal cortex (pFC) as a “cognitive globe” [Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 3–28, 1984] on which functions of the frontal lobe could be mapped. Here, we discuss classic and recent findings regarding the evolution, development, function, and cognitive role of shallow indentations or tertiary sulci in pFC, with the goal of using tertiary sulci to map the “cognitive globe” of pFC. First, we discuss lateral pFC (LPFC) tertiary sulci in classical anatomy and modern neuroimaging, as well as their development, with a focus on those within the middle frontal gyrus. Second, we discuss tertiary sulci in comparative neuroanatomy, focusing on primates. Third, we summarize recent findings showing the utility of tertiary sulci for understanding structural–functional relationships with functional network insights in ventromedial pFC and LPFC. Fourth, we revisit and update unresolved theoretical perspectives considered by C. Vogt and O. Vogt (Allgemeinere ergebnisse unserer hirnforschung. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, 25, 279–462, 1919) and F. Sanides (Structure and function of the human frontal lobe. Neuropsychologia, 2, 209–219, 1964) that tertiary sulci serve as landmarks for cortical gradients. Together, the consideration of these classic and recent findings indicate that tertiary sulci are situated in a unique position within the complexity of the “cognitive globe” of pFC: They are the smallest and shallowest of sulci in pFC, yet can offer insights that bridge spatial scales (microns to networks), modalities (functional connectivity to behavior), and species. As such, the map of tertiary sulci within each individual participant serves as a coordinate system specific to that individual on which functions may be further mapped. We conclude with new theoretical and methodological questions that, if answered in future research, will likely lead to mechanistic insight regarding the structure and function of human LPFC.

mirror, a Drosophila homeobox gene in the Iroquois complex, is required for sensory organ and alula formation

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (7) ◽  
pp. 1217-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.T. Kehl ◽  
K.O. Cho ◽  
K.W. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Map ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Region ◽  
Sensory Bristles ◽  
And Function

The Drosophila notum, the dorsal body wall of the thorax, is subdivided genetically into longitudinal domains (Calleja, M., Moreno, E., Pelaz, S. and Morata, G. (1996) Science 274, 252–255). Two homeobox genes clustered in the iroquois complex, araucan and caupolican, regulate proneural genes and are required for development of sensory bristles in the lateral notum (Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L., del Corral, R. D., de la Calle-Mustienes, E., Ferres-Marco, D. and Modolell, J. (1996) Cell 85, 95–105). An iroquois-related homeobox gene, mirror, was recently isolated and is localized close to the iroquois complex region (McNeil, H., Yang, C.-H., Brodsky, M., Ungos, J. and Simon, M. A. (1997) Genes and Development 11, 1073–1082; this study). We show that mirror is required for the formation of the alula and a subset of sensory bristles in the lateral domain of the notum. Genetic analysis suggests that mirror and the other iroquois genes interact to form the alula as well as the sensory organs. Based on similarities between mirror and the iroquois genes in their genetic map positions, expression, protein structure and function, mirror is considered a new member of the iroquois complex and is involved in prepatterning sensory precursor cells in the lateral notum.

Basic mechanisms and treatment planning/targets for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 309-317
Author(s):  
Barbara Franke ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Levels

The mechanisms underlying ADHD are complex and can be defined at different levels. Cognitive deficits are often part of the disorder, including problems in executive functioning, reward processing, and timing deficits. Alterations have also been reported in brain structure and function in people with the disorder. ADHD is known to be a highly heritable, multifactorial disorder, in which genetic factors—often in combination with environmental factors—are risk factors for disease onset. Early research at the genetic level has implicated monoaminergic neurotransmission, following the serendipitous finding that methylphenidate, a dopamine and noradrenaline transport inhibitor, treats ADHD symptoms. The current models to explain brain malfunctioning in ADHD indeed centre around these monoamine systems. In addition to dopamine, noradrenaline, and (to a lesser extent) serotonin, also glutamate, histamine, and the nicotinic acetylcholinergic system seem to be involved in ADHD aetiology. In the coming years, genetic research is expected to uncover more of the mechanisms underlying ADHD, hopefully resulting in improved treatment options.

scholarly journals Synthetic Biology Open Language Visual (SBOL Visual) Version 2.1

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis Madsen ◽  
Angel Goni Moreno ◽  
Zachary Palchick ◽  
Umesh P ◽  
Nicholas Roehner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Chemical Process ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Genomic Context ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Synthetic Biology Open Language ◽  
And Function ◽  
Biological Organisms

AbstractPeople who are engineering biological organisms often find it useful to communicate in diagrams, both about the structure of the nucleic acid sequences that they are engineering and about the functional relationships between sequence features and other molecular species . Some typical practices and conventions have begun to emerge for such diagrams. The Synthetic Biology Open Language Visual (SBOL Visual) has been developed as a standard for organizing and systematizing such conventions in order to produce a coherent language for expressing the structure and function of genetic designs. This document details version 2.1 of SBOL Visual, which builds on the prior SBOL Visual 2.0 standard by expanding diagram syntax to include methods for showing modular structure and mappings between elements of a system, interactions arrows that can split or join (with the glyph at the split or join indicating either superposition or a chemical process), and adding new glyphs for indicating genomic context (e.g., integration into a plasmid or genome) and for stop codons.

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