Critical evaluation of animal models for localization-related epilepsies

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Engel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Critical Evaluation

scholarly journals A Critical Evaluation of Current Concepts in Cerebral Palsy

Physiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joline E. Brandenburg ◽  
Matthew J. Fogarty ◽  
Gary C. Sieck
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Spastic Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Diagnostic Symptoms ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Spastic cerebral palsy (CP), despite the name, is not consistently identifiable by specific brain lesions. CP animal models focus on risk factors for development of CP, yet few reproduce the diagnostic symptoms. Animal models of CP must advance beyond risk factors to etiologies, including both the brain and spinal cord.

scholarly journals Critical evaluation of animal models of visceral pain for therapeutics development: A focus on irritable bowel syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Johnson ◽  
Adam D. Farmer ◽  
Timothy J. Ness ◽  
Beverley Greenwood‐Van Meerveld
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Therapeutics Development

Animal models of fulminant hepatic failure: A critical evaluation

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Noel Newsome ◽  
John Nicholas Plevris ◽  
Leonard Joseph Nelson ◽  
Peter Clive Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Fulminant Hepatic Failure ◽  
Hepatic Failure ◽  
Critical Evaluation

Animal models of fulminant hepatic failure:A critical evaluation

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
P NEWSOME ◽  
J PLEVRIS ◽  
L NELSON ◽  
P HAYES
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Critical Evaluation

Gonadotrophic Hormones – An Overview of their Involvement in Gonadal and Extragonadal Tumours

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilpo Huhtaniemi ◽  
Maria Alevizaki ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Regulatory Action ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Direct Involvement ◽  
Long Time

The concept of the direct involvement of gonadotrophins in tumorigenesis has been around for a long time. First, because the gonads are direct targets of gonadotrophin action, their tumours have been proposed to be gonadotrophin-dependent. Second, the recent findings of gonadotrophin receptors in extragonadal tissues has prompted the hypothesis that some extragonadal tumours (e.g. breast, uterus, prostate, pituitary and adrenal) could also be under the direct regulatory action of gonadotrophins. However, although supported by numerousin vitroexperiments and experimental animal models, the clinical evidence for a direct tumorigenic role of gonadotrophins remains weak. The purpose of this brief review is to present a critical evaluation of current information, both clinical and experimental, about the involvement of gonadotrophins in the induction and growth of gonadal and extragonadal tumours.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Schizophrenic Activity in Experimental Animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1269-1278
Author(s):  
Mr. Katkure Pawan Mahadev
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neurotransmitter Systems ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Animal Modeling

Abstract: The use of current research into schizophrenia has remained highly fragmented, much like the clinical presentation of the disease itself. Differing theories as to the cause and progression of schizophrenia, as well as the heterogeneity of clinical symptoms, have made it difficult to develop a coherent framework suitable for animal modeling. However, a number of limited animal models have been developed to explore various causative theories and to test specific mechanistic hypotheses. Historically, these models have been based on the manipulation of neurotransmitter systems believed to be involved in schizophrenia. In recent years, the emphasis has shifted to targeting relevant brain regions in an attempt to explore potential etiologic hypotheses. The specific animal models developed within these frameworks are described in this review. Emphasis is placed on the critical evaluation of currently available models because these models help to shape the direction of future research.

Critical Evaluation of Animal Models of Gastrointestinal Disorders

2017 ◽  
pp. 289-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Johnson ◽  
Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders

Social stress in rats: An animal model of depression?

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Koolhaas ◽  
P. Meerlo ◽  
S.F. de Boer ◽  
J.H. Strubbe ◽  
B. Bohus
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Animal Models Of Depression ◽  
Number Of Patients

Our current understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying depressive disorders is not only based on behavioral, neuroendocrine and pharmacological studies in depressed humans, but also on experimental studies in a wide variety of animal models of depression. Ideally, the two approaches should operate in close interaction, each providing additional information to the other approach. However, in practice the animal model approach seems to be rather independent from the human studies. In a critical evaluation of the available animal models of depression, Willner concluded that none of the models fulfilled the criteria of a sufficient face, construct and predictive validity. Although this evaluation was made ten years ago, we feel that the situation has improved very little since that time. Most animal models fail to sufficiently mimic both the etiology and the symptomatology of human depressive disorders. With respect to the etiology, stress and major life events are generally considered to be an important factor in the development of depression. Most of the animal models however use stressors which bear little or no relationship to the biology of the species, i.e. to the situations an animal may meet in its everyday life in a natural habitat. Moreover, these models do not pay attention to the temporal dynamics of the disease. In humans, the disease is characterized by its gradual onset, which is often preceded by symptoms of anxiety. Moreover, a relatively large number of patients suffers from recurrent episodes of depression, which tend to occur with decreasing intervals and increasing duration and severity. If we want to improve our knowledge of the causal mechanisms of depression, animal models which allow an experimental analysis of the temporal dynamics of the disease are essential.

scholarly journals Animal models of chemotherapy-induced cognitive decline in preclinical drug development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeena John ◽  
Manas Kinra ◽  
Jayesh Mudgal ◽  
G. L. Viswanatha ◽  
K. Nandakumar
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Tumor Bearing

Abstract Rationale Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI), chemobrain, and chemofog are the common terms for mental dysfunction in a cancer patient/survivor under the influence of chemotherapeutics. CICI is manifested as short/long term memory problems and delayed mental processing, which interferes with a person’s day-to-day activities. Understanding CICI mechanisms help in developing therapeutic interventions that may alleviate the disease condition. Animal models facilitate critical evaluation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and form an integral part of verifying different treatment hypotheses and strategies. Objectives A methodical evaluation of scientific literature is required to understand cognitive changes associated with the use of chemotherapeutic agents in different preclinical studies. This review mainly emphasizes animal models developed with various chemotherapeutic agents individually and in combination, with their proposed mechanisms contributing to the cognitive dysfunction. This review also points toward the analysis of chemobrain in healthy animals to understand the mechanism of interventions in absence of tumor and in tumor-bearing animals to mimic human cancer conditions to screen potential drug candidates against chemobrain. Results Substantial memory deficit as a result of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents was evidenced in healthy and tumor-bearing animals. Spatial and episodic cognitive impairments, alterations in neurotrophins, oxidative and inflammatory markers, and changes in long-term potentiation were commonly observed changes in different animal models irrespective of the chemotherapeutic agent. Conclusion Dyscognition exists as one of the serious side effects of cancer chemotherapy. Due to differing mechanisms of chemotherapeutic agents with differing tendencies to alter behavioral and biochemical parameters, chemotherapy may present a significant risk in resulting memory impairments in healthy as well as tumor-bearing animals.

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