Features of the architectonics of motor speech fields of the brain of gifted people in relation to the study of the individual variability of the structure of the human brain

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
I. N. Bogolepova
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Motor Speech ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Imaging and the Human Brain Project: A Review

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rosse ◽  
J. F. Brinkley
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Imaging Informatics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Brain Project ◽  
The Us ◽  
Physical Organization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Summary Objectives: Survey current work primarily funded by the US Human Brain Project (HBP) that involves substantial use of images. Organize this work around a framework based on the physical organization of the body. Methods: Pointers to individual research efforts were obtained through the HBP home page as well as personal contacts from HBP annual meetings. References from these sources were followed to find closely related work. The individual research efforts were then studied and characterized. Results: The subject of the review is the intersection of neuroinformatics (information about the brain), imaging informatics (information about images), and structural informatics (information about the physical structure of the body). Of the 30 funded projects currently listed on the HBP web site, at least 22 make heavy use of images. These projects are described in terms of broad categories of structural imaging, functional imaging, and image-based brain information systems. Conclusions: Understanding the most complex entity known (the brain) gives rise to many interesting and difficult problems in informatics and computer science. Although much progress has been made by HBP and other neuroinformatics researchers, a great many problems remain that will require substantial informatics research efforts. Thus, the HPB can and should be seen as an excellent driving application area for biomedical informatics research.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS ON HUMAN BRAIN CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE

1955 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Hogue ◽  
R. McAllister ◽  
A. E. Greene ◽  
L. L. Coriell
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Poliomyelitis virus I, Mahoney strain, affected human brain cells grown in tissue cultures usually causing death of the cells in 3 days. The neurons reacted in different ways to the virus, some died with their neurites extended, others contracted one or more of their neurites. Terminal bulbs were frequently formed at the tips of the neurites when they were being drawn into the cell body. The final contraction of the cell body and the change into a mass of granules were often very sudden. Vacuoles often developed in the neuron. There was no recovery. Astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and macrophages were affected by the virus but not as quickly as the neurons. The age of the tissue culture was not a factor when the cells were in good condition. The age of the individual donor of the brain tissue was a factor; the fetal brain cells appeared to be more sensitive to the virus than the adult brain cells. The fetal neurons often reacted ½ hour after inoculation while the adult neurons reacted more slowly, 2 to 24 hours after inoculation. All these changes seemed to be caused by virus infection because they were prevented by specific antiserum or by preheating the virus.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES OF SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS IN ADULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
Yu. M. Vovk ◽  
S. V. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Superior Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Head Shape ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Convex Part ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Parasagittal Plane ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

In order to determine the individual peculiarity of the shape, size, position and relations of the upper sagittal sinus, depending on the type of structure of the head in adults, craniometry and morphometry of the head sinuses were performed. The most significant venous collector of the brain is the upper sagittal sinus, which is located in the sagittal plane along the ridge of the lattice to the inner occipital projection. This formation is characterized by a triangular shape. The upper wall is formed by the leaves of the convex part of the solid membrane, and the two lateral walls by splitting the sickle of the cerebellum in the parasagittal plane. In adults, the upper wall contacts the inner surface of the parietal and occipital bones of the cranial vault. According to our data, the upper sagittal sinus has a specific range of variability depending on age, sex and head shape. The range of individual variability of the structure of the upper sagittal sinus was determined, which is characterized by the greatest values of length and height in adults, irrespective of gender with dolichomorphic head shape (narrow-headed) and increase in latitudinal parameters in people with meso- and brachymorphic head (middle and wide).

scholarly journals Variability of perceptual multistability: from brain state to individual trait

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1591) ◽  
pp. 988-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Kleinschmidt ◽  
Philipp Sterzer ◽  
Geraint Rees
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Perceptual Inference ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Switching Behaviour ◽  
Individual Trait ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Few phenomena are as suitable as perceptual multistability to demonstrate that the brain constructively interprets sensory input. Several studies have outlined the neural circuitry involved in generating perceptual inference but only more recently has the individual variability of this inferential process been appreciated. Studies of the interaction of evoked and ongoing neural activity show that inference itself is not merely a stimulus-triggered process but is related to the context of the current brain state into which the processing of external stimulation is embedded. As brain states fluctuate, so does perception of a given sensory input. In multistability, perceptual fluctuation rates are consistent for a given individual but vary considerably between individuals. There has been some evidence for a genetic basis for these individual differences and recent morphometric studies of parietal lobe regions have identified neuroanatomical substrates for individual variability in spontaneous switching behaviour. Moreover, disrupting the function of these latter regions by transcranial magnetic stimulation yields systematic interference effects on switching behaviour, further arguing for a causal role of these regions in perceptual inference. Together, these studies have advanced our understanding of the biological mechanisms by which the brain constructs the contents of consciousness from sensory input.

Modeling of Blood Flow in the Human Brain

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shahadat Hossain ◽  
Bhavin Dalal ◽  
Ian S. Fischer ◽  
Pushpendra Singh ◽  
Nadine Aubry
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

The non-Newtonian properties of blood, i.e., shear thinning and viscoelasticity, can have a significant influence on the distribution of Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) in the human brain. The aim of this work is to quantify the role played by the non-Newtonian nature of blood. Under normal conditions, CBF is autoregulated to maintain baseline levels of flow and oxygen to the brain. However, in patients suffering from heart failure (HF), Stroke, or Arteriovenous malformation (AVM), the pressure in afferent vessels varies from the normal range within which the regulatory mechanisms can ensure a constant cerebral flow rate, leading to impaired cerebration in patients. It has been reported that the change in the flow rate is more significant in certain regions of the brain than others, and that this might be relevant to the pathophysiological symptoms exhibited in these patients. We have developed mathematical models of CBF under normal and the above disease conditions that use direct numerical simulations (DNS) for the individual capillaries along with the experimental data in a one-dimensional model to determine the flow rate and the methods for regulating CBF. The model also allows us to determine which regions of the brain would be affected relatively more severely under these conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of low-intensity magnetic stimulation on human attention span-Experimental Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
roohollah basatnia
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Human Attention ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Attention is a cognitive and behavioral process that selectively focuses on the individual aspects of subjective or objective information. It has been shown that transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain, or rTMS, can affect the networks of attention in the brain of some peoples. In this study we report the effects of our experimental setup(Beta-1 Device) on human brain. Current research shows the influences of our setup on human concentration and attention. Respected to the low number of sessions of this stimulation using the beta1 device and the significant effect of this stimulation, the beta1 system can be helpful in the treatment or improvement of attention deficit disorders. It is suggested that the effectiveness of this machine in increasing attention and focus should be studied by repeating this research and increasing the number of magnetic stimulation sessions of the brain. Due to the results of the previous researches in the stimulation of the DLPFC area and its relevance with the recovery of depression, the effect of stimulation of brain by this device on depression is expected. In the present study, the final scores of attention and visual and auditory focus in the IVA test were considered. It seems that repeating the research and measuring the different components of attention mentioned in this test can illuminate the dark angles of the present study.

scholarly journals Cognitive evolution or cognitive ontogenesis?

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
A. N. Mikhyeyev
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Evolution ◽  
Management Hierarchy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intellectual Level ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

The article develops the idea that the human brain neuroevolution can become a universal object for the study of biological evolution. The main in neuroevolution person was the emergence of consciousness, i. e. ability to generate information about information, i.e. ability to generate information about information. Intellectual development of the individual is a process and the result of intellectual adaptation — the greater the number of layers of management hierarchy uses the individual, the higher his intellectual level. It substantiates the idea that the actual cognitive evolution of the human brain has been replaced or reduced to cognitive ontogenesis. Redundancy allows the brain to form and restructure neural networks, reflecting a particular mental experience of the individual. In the adult nervous system in process of learning the gene expression, unlike embryonic included in the behavioral mechanisms of self-functional systems, which puts morphogenesis in the brain during learning under control cognitive processes. Probably the greatest ability to epigenetic rearrangements has mirror neurons discussed above. Ultimately, there is a specialization of (secondary «cognitive» differentiation) of neurons, allowing the individual to adapt to the social mental manifestations of other people and yourself.Keywords: neuroevolution, cognitive ontogenesis, mental adaptation, mirror neurons.

scholarly journals Structure of the Upper and Lower Surfaces of Human Corpus Callosum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Boiagina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

The corpus callosum in the interval between the cerebral hemispheres is a plate of white matter, uneven in thickness, in which two surfaces are distinguished - the upper and lower ones, bent according to its lateral profile. The objective of the study was to study the individual variability of location of the lateral and medial longitudinal strips on the upper surface of the corpus callosum, as well as structural features of its lower surface. The material was the brain of men and women (10 specimens each) of the second period of adulthood, who died for the causes not related to the pathology of the central nervous system. After two weeks of fixation in a 10% formalin solution, the brain was prepared by separating the cerebral hemispheres and other parts of the brain from the corpus callosum, resulting in exposure of its upper and lower surface, which was photographed using a digital camera. As evidenced by the obtained data, the width of the trunk of the corpus callosum in men varies from 9 to 16 mm, whereas in women the difference between the minimum (11.0 mm) and the maximum (20.0 mm) values is greater than in men, when in fact there is only small difference of the arithmetic mean value. Thus, we offer to consider the lateral longitudinal strips to be the boundaries of the corpus callosum hemispherical part and the distance between them determines the width of this formation, which in average is 13.0 ± 2.5 mm in men and 14.4 ± 2.7 mm in women. In the meantime, the nature of the individual variability of the width of the corpus callosum trunk in women is more diverse than in men.

scholarly journals Gene, the Sexual Brain, and Cognition: Machine-Predicted Brain Sex Score Explains Individual Differences in Cognitive Development and Genetic Influence.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kakyeong Kim ◽  
Yoonjung Yoonie Joo ◽  
Gun Ahn ◽  
Hee-Hwan Wang ◽  
Seo-Yoon Moon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Brain Morphometry ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual And Sex Differences ◽  
The Brain

Sex impacts the development of the brain and cognition differently across individuals. We investigated the biological underpinnings of the individual variability of sexual dimorphism in the brain and its impact on cognitive development. In prepubertal children (N=9,658, ages 9~10 years old; the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study), we tested whether the individual difference in brain sex development was related to that in cognitive development, known to be influenced by genetic factors. We estimated an individual’s brain sex score from machine learning models trained on brain morphometry and diffusion white matter connectomes that accurately classified the biological sex with a test ROC-AUC of 93.32%. A greater brain sex score correlated significantly with greater intelligence (Pfdr<0.001, ηp2=0.034~0.050; adjusted for covariates) and higher cognitive genome-wide polygenic scores (GPSs) (Pfdr<0.001, ηp2<0.005). Structural equation models revealed that the GPS-intelligence association was modulated by the brain sex score, such that a brain with a higher maleness score (or a lower femaleness score) mediated a positive GPS effect on intelligence (indirect effects=0.006~0.009; P=0.002~0.022; sex-stratified analysis). The novel gene-brain-cognition relationship reported in this study presents a biological pathway to the individual and sex differences in the brain and cognitive development in preadolescence.

scholarly journals Testing the masculinization hypothesis in a sample of 23,935 human brains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitay Alon ◽  
Isaac Meilijson ◽  
Daphna Joel
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

AbstractFor over 60 years, the masculinization hypothesis dominates our understanding of sex effects on the brain. According to this view, the male distribution for single brain measures and for the brain as a whole is shifted away from the female distribution. In the last decade this view has been challenged by evidence that sex effects on single brain features may be opposite under different conditions, resulting in brains comprised of unique mosaics of female-typical and male-typical features. Analysis of 289 MRI-derived measures of grey and white matter from 23935 brains revealed only three brain measures for which the masculinization hypothesis was not rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis that women and men sample from the same two phenotypes. Moreover, at the individual level, sampling was not consistent across brain measures, as some measures were likely sampled from the female-favored phenotype while others were likely sampled from the male-favored phenotype. Last, considering the relations between brain measures, the brain architecture of women and men was remarkably similar. These results do not support the masculinization hypothesis but are consistent with the mosaic hypothesis as well as with other lines of evidence showing that the brain architectures typical of women are also typical of men, and vice versa, and that sex category explains a very small part of the variability in human brain structure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document