Correlation and small variation in thermodynamic system

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
M. Dutta ◽  
J. Sen Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Small Variation ◽  
Thermodynamic System

MECHANISM OF VARIABILITY REDUCTION IN THE SYSTEM OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MANAGEMENT IN ATHLETES ACCORDING TO THE PRINCIPLE OF FUNCTIONAL SYNERGY FORMATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
S.A. Moiseev
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Muscle Synergy ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Left Limb

The question of physiological function variability is of great theoretical interest, since it is a part of the theory of human voluntary movement control. The skeletal muscle control system should probably have a mechanism to reduce or limit the range of its possible variations. Presumably, the organization of the motor system elements according to the principle of muscular synergy is of such a nature. The objective of the work is to study variations and signs of the coordinated bioelectric activity of skeletal muscles in one of the resulting archery phases. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 5 highly qualified sportsmen (Master of Sport, International Master of Sport). Archers shot 10 series of 3 shots, target distance 18 m, indoors. Simultaneous recording of electrical activity of 12 skeletal muscles of the upper limb girdle and a 3D video sequence was made. The authors analyzed indicators of distribution, descriptive and variation statistics for grouped data. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify signs of consistent muscle activity. Results. Variability magnitudes, characterized by statistical parameters, established for the turn-off-peak characteristics of various muscles, did not have an explicit dependence. Muscles with relatively high scattering parameters in terms of the EMG average amplitude could have a small variation in the average number of EMG turns. The radial flexor of the left hand wrist was a part of muscular synergy in 90 % of cases, the anterior part of the left limb deltoid muscle – in 80 % of cases, the lower and upper beams of the right and left cowl muscle – in 70 % of cases. Other muscles under consideration were their part in less than 60 % of cases. Conclusion. The system of skeletal muscles that are actively involved in the resulting phases of precision movement can be controlled according to the mechanism of functional synergy formation, which probably helps to reduce the range of possible variations in the parameters of muscle electroactivity. Keywords: variability, archery, electromyography, coordination structure, muscle synergy. Вопрос вариативности физиологических функций представляет интерес в теоретическом плане, поскольку является частью теории управления произвольными движениями человека. Система управления скелетными мышцами, вероятно, должна иметь механизм, позволяющий сократить или ограничить диапазон возможных ее вариаций. Таковым, предположительно, является организация элементов моторной системы по принципу мышечных синергий. Цель работы – изучение вариаций и признаков согласованной биоэлектрической активности скелетных мышц в одной из результирующих фаз выстрела из лука. Материалы и методы. В исследованиях приняли участие 5 высококвалифицированных спортсменов (МС, МСМК). Лучники выполняли 10 серий по 3 выстрела с дистанции 18 м в крытом помещении. Производилась синхронная регистрация электрической активности 12 скелетных мышц верхнего плечевого пояса и 3D-видеоряда. Анализировались показатели распределения, описательной и вариационной статистики для сгруппированных данных. Для выявления признаков согласованной активности мышц применялся множественный регрессионный анализ. Результаты. Величины вариативности, характеризуемые статистическими параметрами, установленные для турн-аплитудных характеристик различных мышц, не имели явной зависимости. Мышцы, имеющие относительно высокие параметры разброса значений по показателю средней амплитуды ЭМГ, могли иметь небольшую вариативность среднего числа турнов ЭМГ. Лучевой сгибатель кисти левой руки являлся частью мышечной синергии в 90 % случаев, передняя часть дельтовидной мышцы левой конечности – в 80 %, нижние и верхние пучки трапециевидной мышцы правой и левой сторон – в 70 %. Другие исследуемые мышцы являлись их частью в менее чем 60 % случаев. Выводы. Управление системой скелетных мышц, принимающих активное участие в реализации одной из результирующих фаз точностного движения, может осуществляться по механизму образования функциональных синергий, что, вероятно, способствует снижению диапазона возможных вариаций параметров электроактивности мышц. Ключевые слова: вариативность, стрельба из лука, электромиография, координационная структура, мышечные синергии.

scholarly journals Tin Disulfide-Coated Microfiber for Humidity Sensing with Fast Response and High Sensitivity

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Aijie Liang ◽  
Jingyuan Ming ◽  
Wenguo Zhu ◽  
Heyuan Guan ◽  
Xinyang Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humidity Sensor ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Tin Disulfide ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Response And Recovery

Breath monitoring is significant in assessing human body conditions, such as cardiac and pulmonary symptoms. Optical fiber-based sensors have attracted much attention since they are immune to electromagnetic radiation, thus are safe for patients. Here, a microfiber (MF) humidity sensor is fabricated by coating tin disulfide (SnS2) nanosheets onto the surface of MF. The small diameter (~8 μm) and the long length (~5 mm) of the MF promise strong interaction between guiding light and SnS2. Thus, a small variation in the relative humidity (RH) will lead to a large change in optical transmitted power. A high RH sensitivity of 0.57 dB/%RH is therefore achieved. The response and recovery times are estimated to be 0.08 and 0.28 s, respectively. The high sensitivity and fast response speed enable our SnS2-MF sensor to monitor human breath in real time.

scholarly journals Control Synthesis as Machine Learning Control by Symbolic Regression Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5468
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Shmalko ◽  
Askhat Diveev
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Learning Control ◽  
Symbolic Regression ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Control Synthesis ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Regression Methods

The problem of control synthesis is considered as machine learning control. The paper proposes a mathematical formulation of machine learning control, discusses approaches of supervised and unsupervised learning by symbolic regression methods. The principle of small variation of the basic solution is presented to set up the neighbourhood of the search and to increase search efficiency of symbolic regression methods. Different symbolic regression methods such as genetic programming, network operator, Cartesian and binary genetic programming are presented in details. It is shown on the computational example the possibilities of symbolic regression methods as unsupervised machine learning control technique to the solution of MLC problem of control synthesis for obtaining the stabilization system for a mobile robot.

scholarly journals Effect of Salinity on Evaporation from Water Surface in Bench-Scale Testing

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2067
Author(s):  
Jared Suchan ◽  
Shahid Azam
Keyword(s):  
Small Variation ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Data Scatter ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Evaporative Flux ◽  
Simulator Test

Freshwater and hypersaline lakes in arid and semi-arid environments are crucial from agricultural, industrial, and ecological perspectives. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of salinity on evaporation from water surfaces. The main achievement of this research is the successful capture of simulated climate–surface interactions prevalent in the Canadian Prairies using a custom-built bench-scale atmospheric simulator. Test results indicated that the evaporative flux has a large variation during spring (water/brine: 1452/764 10−4 g·s−1·m−2 and 613/230 × 10−4 g·s−1·m−2 night) and summer (1856/1187 × 10−4 g·s−1·m−2 day and 1059/394 × 10−4g·s−1·m−2 night), and small variation in the fall (1591/915 × 10−4 g·s−1·m−2 and 1790/1048 × 10−4 g·s−1·m−2 night). The primary theoretical contribution of this research is that the evaporation rate from distilled water is twice that of saturated brine. The measured data for water correlated well with mathematical estimates; data scatter was evenly distributed and within one standard deviation of the equality line, whereas the brine data mostly plotted above the equality line. The newly developed 2:1 water–brine correlation for evaporation was found to follow the combination equations with the Monteith model best matching the measurements.

scholarly journals Characterization of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in Hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata

2005 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Vale ◽  
R. V. Pereira ◽  
S. M. Almeida ◽  
Y. M. Almeida ◽  
S. F. L. C. Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Adenosine Deaminase ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Ph Variation ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Assay Conditions

Adenosine is an important signaling molecule for many cellular events. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a key enzyme for the control of extra- and intra-cellular levels of adenosine. Activity of ADA was detected in hemolymph of B. glabrata and its optimum assay conditions were determined experimentally. The pH variation from 6.2 to 7.8 caused no significant change in ADA activity. Using adenosine as a substrate, the apparent Km at pH 6.8 was 734 µmols.L-1. Highest activity was found at 37ºC. Standard assay conditions were established as being 15 minutes of incubation time, 0.4 µL of pure hemolymph per assay, pH 6.8, and 37ºC. This enzyme showed activities of 834 ± 67 µmol.min-1.L-1 (25ºC) and 2029 ± 74 µmol.min-1.L-1 (37ºC), exceeding those in healthy human serum by 40 and 100 times, respectively. Higher incubation temperature caused a decrease in activity of 20% at 43ºC or 70% at 50ºC for 15 minutes. The ADA lost from 26 to 78% of its activity when hemolymph was pre-incubated at 50ºC for 2 or 15 minutes, respectively. Since the ADA from hemolymph presented high levels, it can be concluded that in healthy and fed animals, adenosine is maintained at low concentrations. In addition, the small variation in activity over the 6.2 to 7.8 range of pH suggests that adenosine is maintained at low levels in hemolymph even under adverse conditions, in which the pH is altered.

scholarly journals Order parameter profiles in a system with Neumann – Neumann boundary conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 01009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassil M. Vassilev ◽  
Daniel M. Dantchev ◽  
Peter A. Djondjorov
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Order Parameter ◽  
Neumann Boundary ◽  
Elliptic Functions ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Neumann Boundary Conditions ◽  
Ginzburg Landau ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
The One ◽  
Field Plane

In this article we consider a critical thermodynamic system with the shape of a thin film confined between two parallel planes. It is assumed that the state of the system at a given temperature and external ordering field is described by order-parameter profiles, which minimize the one-dimensional counterpart of the standard ϕ4 Ginzburg–Landau Hamiltonian and meet the so-called Neumann – Neumann boundary conditions. We give analytic representation of the extremals of this variational problem in terms ofWeierstrass elliptic functions. Then, depending on the temperature and ordering field we determine the minimizers and obtain the phase diagram in the temperature-field plane.

scholarly journals UVIT-HST-Gaia-VISTA study of KRON 3 in the Small Magellanic Cloud: A cluster with an extended red clump in UV

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P K Nayak ◽  
A Subramaniam ◽  
S Subramanian ◽  
S Sahu ◽  
C Mondal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Variable Mass ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Small Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Red Clump

Abstract We have demonstrated the advantage of combining multi-wavelength observations, from the ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared, to study Kron 3, a massive star cluster in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We have estimated the radius of the cluster Kron 3 to be 2${_{.}^{\prime}}$0 and for the first time, we report the identification of NUV-bright red clump (RC) stars and the extension of the RC in colour and magnitude in the NUV versus (NUV−optical) colour-magnitude diagram (CMD). We found that extension of the RC is an intrinsic property of the cluster and it is not due to contamination of field stars or differential reddening across the field. We studied the spectral energy distribution of the RC stars, and estimated a small range in temperature ∼5000–5500 K, luminosity ∼60–90 L⊙ and radius ∼8.0–11.0 R⊙ supporting their RC nature. The range of UV magnitudes amongst the RC stars (∼23.3 to 24.8 mag) is likely caused by the combined effects of variable mass loss, variation in initial helium abundance (Yini = 0.23 to 0.28), and a small variation in age (6.5-7.5 Gyr) and metallicity ([Fe/H] = −1.5 to −1.3). Spectroscopic follow-up observations of RC stars in Kron 3 are necessary to confirm the cause of the extended RC.

Normality Structures With Thermodynamic Equilibrium Points

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 965-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Yang ◽  
R. K. Wang ◽  
L. J. Xue
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
System A ◽  
Plastic Dissipation ◽  
Flow Potential ◽  
Yield Surfaces ◽  
Intrinsic Dissipation ◽  
Independent Behavior

Enriched by the nonlinear Onsager reciprocal relations and thermodynamic equilibrium points (Onsager, Phys. Rev., 37, pp. 405–406; 38, pp. 2265–2279), an extended normality structure by Rice (1971, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 19, pp. 433–455) is established in this paper as a unified nonlinear thermodynamic theory of solids. It is revealed that the normality structure stems from the microscale irrotational thermodynamic fluxes. Within the extended normality structure, this paper focuses on the microscale thermodynamic mechanisms and significance of the convexity of flow potentials and yield surfaces. It is shown that the flow potential is convex if the conjugate force increment cannot not oppose the increment of the rates of local internal variables. For the Rice fluxes, the convexity condition reduces to the local rates being monotonic increasing functions with respect to their conjugate forces. The convexity of the flow potential provides the thermodynamic system a capability against the disturbance of the thermodynamic equilibrium point. It is proposed for time-independent behavior that the set of plastically admissible stresses determined by yield conditions corresponds to the set of thermodynamic equilibrium points. Based on that viewpoint, the intrinsic dissipation inequality is just the thermodynamic counterpart of the principle of maximum plastic dissipation and requires the convexity of the yield surfaces.

Second hyperpolarizability of multimetallocenes [Cp–Mn–Cp] of Be, Mg and Ca

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushik Hatua ◽  
Prasanta K. Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Cooperative Effect ◽  
Second Hyperpolarizability ◽  
Nlo Property ◽  
Metal Atoms ◽  
Bonding Interaction ◽  
Charge Transfer Transitions ◽  
The Difference

Multimetallocene complexes ( Cp – M n– Cp ) of Be , Mg and Ca have been considered for the theoretical study of static second hyperpolarizability using a number of DFT functionals. Owing to the cooperative effect in bonding, beryllium forms multiberyllocene complexes ( Cp – Be n– Cp ) which have sufficient thermal stability with respect to dissociation into neutral fragments up to n = 10. On the other hand, multimetallocene complexes of Mg and Ca are found to be stable for n ≤ 5 which may be due to the weaker covalent bonding interaction between the larger metal atoms. The rather small variation of linear and cubic polarizabilities of Cp – Be n– Cp complexes beyond n = 5 arises from the rather weaker charge transfer transitions. The difference in NLO property among the investigated metal complexes arises from the extent of charge transfer from the terminal metal atoms and the distance between them. The charge transfer at longer distances in the ground state of Mg and Ca complexes leads to more intense electronic transition — the spectroscopic parameters of which strongly favors the enhancement of second hyperpolarizability.

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