Natural variation and genetic make-up of leaf blade area in spring barley

Cane growth, leaf blade area, blade and petiole fresh and dry weights and mineral nutrients of six grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars were evaluated in 2000 and 2001 under climatic conditions of southwestern Idaho. The cultivars were: `Barbera 02', `Cabernet Sauvignon 02', `Cabernet Sauvignon 04', `Chardonnay 29', `Merlot 01', and `Sangiovese 04'. No differences were found in cane growth of different cultivars. `Sangiovese 04' and `Merlot 01' had larger leaf area and heavier leaves (both blades and petioles) and higher concentrations of blade nitrogen (N), while `Merlot 01' and `Chardonnay 29' had higher petiole nitrate-N than all other cultivars. `Merlot 01' had relatively the highest potassium (K) concentrations in both blade and petiole tissues. `Chardonnay 29' had lower concentration of calcium (Ca) and `Sangiovese 04' had lower concentrations of magnesium (Mg) in both blade and petiole tissues than other cultivars although differences were not always significant. `Barbera 02' had higher blade iron (Fe) and tended to have higher blade copper (Cu) than other cultivars. However, `Chardonnay 29' had higher petiole Fe than `Barbera 02', `Cabernet Sauvignon 04', and `Sangiovese 04'. `Merlot 01' had higher blade manganese (Mn) than `Sangiovese 04'.

Download Full-text

Application of the Adobe Photoshop Software Package in Leaf Blade Area Measurement of Woody Plants

Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal) ◽

10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-185-191 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 185-191

Author(s):

Ramis N. Babaev ◽

Keyword(s):

Software Package ◽

Woody Plants ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

Area Measurement ◽

Adhesive Tape ◽

Scotch Tape ◽

Adobe Photoshop ◽

Blade Area ◽

Method Accuracy

There are a number of applied methods for determining morphometric parameters, including the area of leaf blades of woody plants: millimeter graph paper method, method of direct measurements, punching method, and planimetric method. The analysis and practical application of the methods in the test mode revealed their shortcomings related to inaccuracy of measurements, experiment duration, and equipment inaccessibility. Many researchers have successfully acquired digitized images. However, capturing the parameters of the considered structure from the monitor screen is often impossible due to the low availability of morphometric programs and their high cost. The purpose of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of existing methods for determining the area of leaf blades on the example of the birch genus (Betula L.) trees and to accumulate the algorithm for determining morphometric parameters of birch leaf blades in the Adobe Photoshop software package. We have developed a method for determining morphometric parameters of leaf blades of woody plants using the Adobe Photoshop software package. The research subject is the leaf blades of birch trees. This method requires: blank A4 sheets; a ruler with an angle of 90°; transparent adhesive tape (scotch tape); and a scanner. We draw a reference square of random (but fixed) dimensions in a random corner of each sheet, step by 10 mm from its borders, on a blank A4 sheet using a ruler with an angle of 90°. The square is placed strictly parallel to the sheet borders. Then, leaf blades of the desired wood species are attached to the sheet with scotch tape. Using the scanner, we convert the workpiece into electronic form and upload the image to Adobe Photoshop. In order to receive morphometric parameters, you can use the following program tools: “ruler”, “magic wand”, “magnetic lasso tool”. At the same time, it is possible to automatically select the borders of the studied object, which helps to avoid subjective errors. The resulting measurements are displayed in pixels and then converted to the required units. The obtained data is verified using the reference square. Verification showed that the method accuracy is more than 99.9 %. The proposed method allows to perform fast and accurate measurements of morphometric parameters of leaf blades, without requiring the purchase of expensive equipment, which makes it available to any researcher who faces with the task of measuring the surface of leaf blades of woody plants. For citation: Babaev R.N. Application of the Adobe Photoshop Software Package in Leaf Blade Area Measurement of Woody Plants. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 185–191. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-185-191

Download Full-text

ANALYSIS OF LEAF BLADE AREA AND TOTAL ILLUMINATION INDEXES OF PANICUM MAXIMUM JACQ. CV. ARIES GRASS WITH DIFFERENT NITROGEN RATES FOR SHEEP FEEDING

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Biossistemas ◽

10.18011/bioeng2014v8n3p191-198 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 191

Author(s):

L. P. R. Da Costa ◽

A. L. Moreira ◽

L. R. A. Gabriel Filho ◽

R. DE O. Souza ◽

C. P. Cremasco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Blade ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Blade Area ◽

Nitrogen Rates

Download Full-text

DIALLEL CROSS ANALYSIS OF STOMATAL DENSITY AND LEAF-BLADE AREA IN GRAIN SORGHUM, SORGHUM BICOLOR

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g76-080 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 679-686 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

H. W. Suh ◽

A. D. Dayton ◽

A. J. Casady ◽

G. H. Liang

Keyword(s):

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Combining Ability ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Heritability Estimate ◽

Diallel Cross ◽

Dominance Order ◽

Blade Area ◽

Sorghum Bicolor L

Analysis of a 6-variety diallel revealed that general and specific combining abilities were highly significant for stomatal density and leaf-blade area in Sorghum bicolor (L,) Moench. Interactions of genotype × location were also highly significant for both characters. For stomatal density, overdominance was indicated and one gene (or one block of genes) was involved; heritability estimate was 51%. For leaf-blade area, again overdominance was indicated and at least one gene controlled that trait; estimate of heritability was 18%. Regression coefficients of Wr on Vr of both characters deviated slightly from unity which could be due to epistasis or correlated gene distribution, or both. Dominance order of the parents was KS 9, Redlan, Combine Kafir 60, KS 18, KS 24, and Martin for stomatal density and KS 9, Martin, Redlan, KS 18, KS 24, and Combine Kafir 60 for leaf-blade area. The significant interaction of general combining ability × location and the highly significant interaction of specific combining ability (sea) × location for stomatal density and the highly significant interaction of sea × location for leaf-blade area imply that the breeding program attempting to improve these characters should tend toward producing individual lines for each different environment.

Download Full-text

Perturbation of GABA Biosynthesis Links Cell Cycle to Control Arabidopsis thaliana Leaf Development

10.1101/2020.02.21.960393 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yaxin Gong ◽

Han Yue ◽

Yu Xiang ◽

Guanghui Yu

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Leaf Development ◽

Cell Expansion ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Gaba Level ◽

Wild Type ◽

Blade Area ◽

In The Wild

AbstractTo investigate the molecular mechanism underlying increasing leaf area in γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthetic mutants, the first pair of true leaves of GABA biosynthetic mutants was measured. The results showed that the leaf blade area in GABA biosynthetic mutants was larger than that of the wild type to different extents, and the area of the leaf epidermal cells in mutants was larger than that of the wild type. DNA polyploid analysis showed that polyploid cells in GABA biosynthetic mutants were appearing earlier and more abundant than in the wild type. To check the correlation between cell size and endoreplication, the expression of factors involving endocycles, including D-type cyclin gene (CYCD3;1, CYCD3;2, CYCD3;3, and CYCD4;1) and kinase CKDA;1, were analysed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that CKDA;1 in GABA biosynthetic mutants was downregulated, and four types of CYCDs showed different expression patterns in different GABA biosynthetic mutants. Inconsistent with this result, for CCS52A (CELL CYCLE SWITCH 52A) (controlling the endocycle entry) in gad2 and gad1/gad2 mutants, the expression of CCS52A2 was significantly higher than that in the wild type. The expression of SIM (SIAMESE) and SMR (SIAMESE-RELATED), which inhibit kinase activity, were also upregulated compared with the control. To further study the possible potential relationship between GABA metabolism and endoreplication, we analysed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in guard cells using ROS fluorescent probes. ROS levels were significantly higher in GABA biosynthetic mutants than the control. All results indicated that cyclin, the cyclin-dependent kinase, and its inhibitory protein were coordinated to participate in endoreplication control at the transcription level in the leaves of GABA biosynthetic mutant Arabidopsis.Contribution to the field statementγ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolic pathway plays a dual role in plant development. This research investigated the perturbation of GABA biosynthesis on Arabidopsis leave endoreplication for the first time. In the GABA biosynthetic mutants, many genes, participating in cell division regulation, are coordinately transcriptionally expressed to trigger the onset and maintenance of endoreplication, and this led to the cell expansion and the increase leaf blade area. However, this initiation of endoreplication links with the decrease of endogenous GABA level and the increase Reactive oxygen species (ROS). This may be a compensation mechanism to adapt to abnormal GABA level in plant leaf development. Present evidence provided hypothesized that the normal GABA level in plant leaf development plays a brake to inhibit the immature cell expansion and differentiation, and this negative regulation functions a guarantee mechanism to watchdog the normal leaf development. In all, this contribution provides an updated perspective on the role of GABA in plant development.

Download Full-text

Leaf blade area estimate of Digitaria pentzii under different cutting Heights

Ciência Animal Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1809-6891v21e-54719 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Raul Caco Alves Bezerra ◽

Mauricio Luiz de Mello Vieira Leite ◽

Mirna Clarissa Rodrigues de Almeida ◽

Leandro Ricardo Rodrigues de Lucena ◽

Vicente José Laamon Pinto Simões ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Models ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Power Model ◽

Average Value ◽

Area Estimate ◽

Blade Area ◽

Cutting Height ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Digital Caliper

Abstract Pasture studies require information on leaf area, as it is one of the main parameters for evaluation of plant growth. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the leaf blade area of pangolão grass (Digitaria pentzii Stent.) using non-destructive methods by regression model analysis. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with three cutting heights (10, 15, and 20 cm) and four replications. Three hundred leaf blades of pangolão grass were randomly collected, and their respective lengths (L) and widths (W) determined using a digital caliper. The leaf blade area of pangolão grass was estimated by the gravimetric method, using linear and power regression models to explain the leaf blade area as a function of the product of L and maximum W. The real leaf blade area presented an average value of 18.64 cm2, ranging from 4.29 to 45.95 cm2. The leaf blade area of pangolão grass, regardless of cutting height, was estimated with greater accuracy by the power model. The power model, Ŷ=LW1.007, can be used to estimate the leaf blade area of pangolão grass based on leaf blade L and W values.

Download Full-text

Effects of Age on Establishment and Yield of Cocoyam Setts (Xanthosoma Sagittifolium Schott.)

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700021888 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 121-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. A. C. Enyi

Keyword(s):

Leaf Blade ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Linear Relations ◽

Xanthosoma Sagittifolium ◽

Short Period ◽

Blade Area ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Micro Organisms

SummaryThe chemical composition of setts of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) varied in different sections. The highest concentration of N, P and fat occurred in the youngest part but crude fibre and Ca were highest in the oldest portions. Dry matter was lowest in the youngest section. Positive linear relations were found between N and K percentage, Ca/P ratio and age of the various sections of the corm, with the highest N/P ratio towards the middle portion of the corm. The high sprouting percentage of the youngest sections of the corm was attributed to both greater bud number per given area and to the short period of their dormancy. Better establishment in the field was achieved by using setts from the oldest section of the corm, probably because they were less vulnerable to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Positive linear relations were established between P concentration and sprouting percentage. Setts from the two oldest sections of the corm produced plants with the greatest leaf blade area, total dry weight and dry weight of various organs and it is recommended that planting setts should be obtained from the less succulent section of the corm. There were also positive linear relations between Ca concentration of setts and dry matter production in the field, and between leaf blade area at time of harvest and corm yield.

Download Full-text

INFLUENCE OF RISOTORPHIN ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF MEADOW CLOVER

Niva Povolzhya ◽

10.36461/np.2020.2.55.011 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

А.Т. Фарниев ◽

А.А. Сабанова ◽

Д.Т. Калицева

Keyword(s):

Leaf Blade ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Green Mass ◽

Seed Inoculation ◽

Stable Production ◽

Blade Area ◽

Growth Development ◽

Sowing Seed ◽

North Ossetia

В экологических условиях горной зоны РСО-Алания проведены исследования по определению влияния предпосевной инокуляции семян на рост, развитие и продуктивность клевера лугового, а также на качество зеленой массы. Установлено, что под действием разных штаммов ризоторфина улучшается рост растений сорта Дарьял по вариантам опыта на 14,4-27,5 см, сорта Фарн на 13,2-20,6 см. Повышается площадь листовой пластинки растений клевера на 3,7-5,6 см2 по сорту Дарьял и на 4,1-6,0 см2 по сорту Фарн. Повышалась облиственность растений сорта Дарьял перед первым укосом на 1,3-7,0 % и сорта Фарн на 0,6-6,4 %. При этом наивысшую облиственность имели растения 6 (ин. шт. 340б) и 7 (ин. шт. 348) вариантов по сорту Дарьял 61,0-59,4 % и 59,4-57,3 % по сорту Фарн. В среднем за два года урожайность зеленой массы повышалась с 20,1 до 23,3 т/га у сорта Дарьял и с 18,8 до 22,2 т/га у сорта Фарн. Наилучшую эффективность проявили штаммы 340б и 348. Прибавки урожая на этих вариантах составили 3,2-2,7 т/га (сорт Дарьял) и 3,5-2,6 т/га (сорт Фарн). Инокуляция семян способствовала повышению сбора сухого вещества, прибавка его колебалась от 0,22 до 1,05 и от 0,18 до 1,08 т/га соответственно по сортам. Более высоким качеством отличалась зеленая масса растений клевера шестого и седьмого вариантов с содержанием протеина 18,0-17,8 % (сорт Дарьял) и 17,8-17,6 % (сорт Фарн). Поэтому для стабильного получения кормовой массы высокого качества семена клевера перед посевом необходимо инокулировать ризоторфином, штаммом 340б. In the ecological conditions of the mountainous zone of North Ossetia-Alania, studies were carried out to determine the effect of pre-sowing seed inoculation on the growth, development and productivity of meadow clover, as well as on the quality of green mass. It has been established that under the influence of different rhizotorphin strains, the growth of plants of the Daryal variety according to the experimental variants is improved by 14.4-27.5 cm, of the Farn variety by 13.2-20.6 cm. The leaf blade area of clover plants increases by 3.7-5.6 cm2 for Daryal variety, and 4.1-6.0 cm2 for Farn variety. The leaf coverage of Daryal plants increased by 1.3-7.0 % before the first mowing and of the Farn plants by 0.6-6.4 %. At the same time, plants of variant 6 (strain 340b) and 7 (strain 348) had the highest leaf coverage, 61.0-59.4 % for the Daryal variety and 59.4-57.3 % for the Farn variety. On average, over two years, the yield of green mass increased from 20.1 to 23.3 t/ha for the Daryal variety and from 18.8 to 22.2 t/ha for the Farn variety. The best efficiency was shown by strains 340b and 348. The increase in yield for these variants was 3.2-2.7 t/ha (Daryal variety) and 3.5-2.6 t/ha (Farn variety). Seed inoculation promoted an increase in dry matter collection. Its increase ranged from 0.22 to 1.05 and from 0.18 to 1.08 t/ha, respectively, by varieties. The green mass of clover plants of the sixth and seventh variants with a protein content of 18.0-17.8 % (Daryal variety) and 17.8-17.6 % (Farn variety) were of higher quality. Therefore, for stable production of high quality forage, clover seeds must be inoculated with rhizotorphin, strain 340b, before sowing.

Download Full-text

Inheritance of some physiological factors of productivity in barley

Genome ◽

10.1139/g87-144 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 846-849 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Sarrafi ◽

C. Planchon ◽

R. Ecochard ◽

Y. Sioud

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Combining Ability ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Flag Leaf ◽

Block Design ◽

Diallel Analysis ◽

Narrow Sense Heritability ◽

Reciprocal Effect ◽

Blade Area

Reciprocal crosses were made among seven barley genotypes of diverse origin. Parents and 42 F1's were grown in a randomized block design with four replications in the greenhouse. Chlorophyll fluorescence activity of the penultimate leaf (below flag leaf) of the main stem at flowering were measured for each plant. Leaf blade area and its duration were also determined for the above-mentioned leaves. "Leaf blade area × leaf life duration" was also used as a trait. Results of diallel analysis showed that both general and specific combining abilities were significant for all the characters studied. General combining ability values and effects were usually more important than those of specific combining ability, showing the importance of additive genetic control for the traits. Reciprocal effects were significant only for chlorophyll fluorescence activity. Narrow sense heritability values for leaf area, leaf duration, and its chlorophyll fluorescence activity were 87.9, 66.8, and 77.4%, respectively. Key words: combining ability, reciprocal effect, heritability, fluorescence, leaf area.

Download Full-text

The p-coumaroyl arabinoxylan transferase HvAT10 underlies natural variation in whole-grain cell wall phenolic acids in cultivated barley

10.1101/2020.12.21.423816 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kelly Houston ◽

Amy Learmonth ◽

Ali Saleh Hassan ◽

Jelle Lahnstein ◽

Mark Looseley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Natural Variation ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Stop Codon ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Premature Stop Codon ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Mapping Panel

Phenolic acids in cereal grains have important health-promoting properties and influence digestibility for industrial or agricultural uses. Here we identify alleles of a single BAHD p-coumaroyl arabinoxylan transferase gene, HvAT10, as responsible for the natural variation in cell wall-esterified p-coumaric and ferulic acid in whole grain of a collection of cultivated two-row spring barley genotypes. We show that HvAT10 is rendered non-functional by a premature stop codon mutation in approximately half of the genotypes in our mapping panel. The causal mutation is virtually absent in wild and landrace germplasm suggesting an important function for grain arabinoxylan p-coumaroylation pre-domestication that is dispensable in modern agriculture. Intriguingly, we detected detrimental impacts of the mutated locus on barley grain quality traits. We propose that HvAT10 could be a focus for future grain quality improvement or for manipulating phenolic acid content of wholegrain food products.

Download Full-text