Application of the Adobe Photoshop Software Package in Leaf Blade Area Measurement of Woody Plants

Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal) ◽

10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-185-191 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 185-191

Author(s):

Ramis N. Babaev ◽

Keyword(s):

Software Package ◽

Woody Plants ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

Area Measurement ◽

Adhesive Tape ◽

Scotch Tape ◽

Adobe Photoshop ◽

Blade Area ◽

Method Accuracy

There are a number of applied methods for determining morphometric parameters, including the area of leaf blades of woody plants: millimeter graph paper method, method of direct measurements, punching method, and planimetric method. The analysis and practical application of the methods in the test mode revealed their shortcomings related to inaccuracy of measurements, experiment duration, and equipment inaccessibility. Many researchers have successfully acquired digitized images. However, capturing the parameters of the considered structure from the monitor screen is often impossible due to the low availability of morphometric programs and their high cost. The purpose of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of existing methods for determining the area of leaf blades on the example of the birch genus (Betula L.) trees and to accumulate the algorithm for determining morphometric parameters of birch leaf blades in the Adobe Photoshop software package. We have developed a method for determining morphometric parameters of leaf blades of woody plants using the Adobe Photoshop software package. The research subject is the leaf blades of birch trees. This method requires: blank A4 sheets; a ruler with an angle of 90°; transparent adhesive tape (scotch tape); and a scanner. We draw a reference square of random (but fixed) dimensions in a random corner of each sheet, step by 10 mm from its borders, on a blank A4 sheet using a ruler with an angle of 90°. The square is placed strictly parallel to the sheet borders. Then, leaf blades of the desired wood species are attached to the sheet with scotch tape. Using the scanner, we convert the workpiece into electronic form and upload the image to Adobe Photoshop. In order to receive morphometric parameters, you can use the following program tools: “ruler”, “magic wand”, “magnetic lasso tool”. At the same time, it is possible to automatically select the borders of the studied object, which helps to avoid subjective errors. The resulting measurements are displayed in pixels and then converted to the required units. The obtained data is verified using the reference square. Verification showed that the method accuracy is more than 99.9 %. The proposed method allows to perform fast and accurate measurements of morphometric parameters of leaf blades, without requiring the purchase of expensive equipment, which makes it available to any researcher who faces with the task of measuring the surface of leaf blades of woody plants. For citation: Babaev R.N. Application of the Adobe Photoshop Software Package in Leaf Blade Area Measurement of Woody Plants. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 185–191. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-185-191

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EGG-LAYING FEATURES, WEIGHT AND SIZE OF GERMINATIVE DUCK CHIMERAS EGGS

10.31548/animal2021.04.001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

Author(s):

M. S. Doroshenko ◽

S. O. Kostenko ◽

P. V. Korol ◽

A. M. Chepiha ◽

O. V. Sydorenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Germ Cells ◽

Egg Production ◽

Live Weight ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Control Group ◽

Average Weight ◽

Adhesive Tape ◽

Chemical Agent ◽

Entire Study

The consequences of chimerization and its possible influence on the productivity of chimera offspring remain poorly understood. The objects of research were ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) of the Shanma (Shan partridge duck) and Shaoxing breeds kept at the Zhuji Guowei Poultry Development Co, Ltd, P.R.China. The study was conducted in the poultry genetics laboratory of the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences on a duck farm of Zhejiang Generation Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang Province, PRC). To create chimeras of ducks, the method described by Aige-Gil, Simkiss, 1991; M.T. Tagirov, 2010 was used. Blastodiscs have been isolated from freshly hatched fertilized eggs using a filter paper ring. Shanma duck embryos have been used as recipients, and Shaoxing duck embryos, homozygous for plumage color gene allele (wild type), have been used as donors. Busulfan (SigmaAldrich, United States) have been used as a chemical agent that suppresses a division of primary germ cells (PGC) of recipient embryos. A hole in an eggshell (window) of recipients (Shanma breed) have been made between a blunt and sharp ends of eggs. (This reduced a distance between an injector and an embryo needle). The recipients havebeen incubated for 8–10 hours at a temperature of 38 °C. After recipient eggs incubation for 8 hours, the windows were opened in them. Busulfan was injected into the subgerminal cavity of the embryo with a micropipette (1.5–3 μl of liquid). After busulfan injection, the empty cavity was filled with culture medium (RPMI-1640) supplemented with antibiotics (ampicillin, streptomycin), the hole was closed by plastic wrap and adhesive tape. The eggs have been incubated at a reduced temperature (+32 °C) for 24 hours with the aim of prolong the duration of busulfan action on the PGC (primary germ cells). More than 50% of embryos have been died in the first 2–3 days (after an incubation start). Head and neck disorders have been observed in the 1.2% of embryos. Busulfan injection at a concentration of 300 ng per egg have been leads to 95.0–96.3% mortality of duck embryos, concentration of 150 ng per egg, a mortality rate of 33.3–75.3% have been observed, concentration to 75 ng led to 18.75–38.5% of embryonic mortality. Analysis of the age of puberty (laying of the first egg) indicates that the chimeras matured later. If in the control group the average age of puberty was 139 ± 9 days, in the group of chimeras - 148 ± 13 days. Thus, we can attest that in our experiment, the chimeras matured later than the control animals, which may be due to the effect of busulfan in the sterilization of recipient embryos. The average weight of ducks in the control group was lower, and the group itself was more consolidated. Thus, in the control ducks weighed 1422.40 ± 57.00 g, the chimeras 1608.80 ± 94.76 g. The advantage of live weight chimeras over the control group may be due to the fact that the control group consisted of recipients served by Shanma animals. Egg production of ducks for the entire study period was 87.5 ± 0.05 % (control) 79.5±0.12 % (busulfan). The weight of eggs of ducks of two groups for the entire period was 70.62±0.199 g (control) and 71.15±0.157 g (p˂0.001). The eggs morphometric parameters of the studied ducks groups were: the average values of egg length were 6.056±0.0564 cm (control) and 6.269±0.1341cm (busulfan); egg breadth were 4.520±0.0053 cm (control) and 4.529±0.004 cm (busulfan). There were no statistical intergroup differences in the morphometric parameters of the eggs of the studied groups. In fact, we obtained results similar to the previous ones, which concerned the egg production of daughters of drake chimeras.

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Changing the Morphometric Parameters of the Leaf Blade of Birch Betula pendula Roth. in the Barnaul

Izvestiya of Altai State University ◽

10.14258/izvasu(2013)3.2-03 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 26-30

Author(s):

Olga Ereschenko ◽

Liubov Khlebova

Keyword(s):

Betula Pendula ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

Betula Pendula Roth

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Comparison of digital image analysis methods for morphometric characterization of soil aggregates in thin sections

Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin ◽

10.19047/0136-1694-2020-104-199-222 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 199-222

Author(s):

O. O. Plotnikova ◽

T. V. Romanis ◽

P. G. Kust

Keyword(s):

Soil Aggregates ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Whitney Test ◽

Semiautomatic Segmentation ◽

Mann Whitney Test ◽

Segmentation Methods ◽

Adobe Photoshop ◽

High Degree

The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of semiautomatic segmentation methods for obtaining and evaluating morphometric parameters of soil aggregates in artificially prepared loose samples in soil thin sections. The object of the research is typical arable Chernozem. The aggregates were separated by wet sieving method from loose sample of upper 10 cm of the plowing horizon after erosion by a model shallow water flow on a large erosion tray. The aggregates, loosely scattered on the glass and fixed with polyester resin, were used to produce the thin sections. Images of the thin sections were taken under a polarizing microscope and then were processed using two methods compared: Adobe Photoshop + CTan and Thixomet Pro. Data on morphometric parameters of aggregates were obtained: the shape factor, the degree of roundness and the coefficient of aggregate surface roughness. The convergence of the results obtained using Photoshop + CTan by three researchers was evaluated by comparing samples using the Student's test and the Mann-Whitney test. The convergence of the averaged results obtained using Photoshop + CTan and the results obtained using Thixomet Pro was evaluated using the Mann - Whitney test. No significant differences were found between the parameters of the same aggregates obtained using a combination of Adobe Photoshop and CTan programs by different researchers. No significant differences were found between the parameters of the same aggregates obtained by the compared methods. So, one can conclude that the reliability of determining the morphometric parameters of soil aggregates using Thixomet Pro is comparable to the reliability of results when working with images of sectionsin CTan after binarization in Adobe Photoshop. The method of obtaining data on morphometric parameters of soil aggregates using Thixomet Pro completely eliminates the possibility of subjective error, shows a high degree of automation, reproducibility and reliability of the results obtained, and is faster.

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Influence of Wine Grape Cultivars on Growth and Leaf Blade and Petiole Mineral Nutrients

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.15.4.0825 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 825-830 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Esmaeil Fallahi ◽

Bahman Shafii ◽

Jeffrey C. Stark ◽

Bahar Fallahi ◽

Saad L. Hafez

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Mineral Nutrients ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Wine Grape ◽

Nitrate N ◽

Blade Area ◽

Grape Cultivars

Cane growth, leaf blade area, blade and petiole fresh and dry weights and mineral nutrients of six grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars were evaluated in 2000 and 2001 under climatic conditions of southwestern Idaho. The cultivars were: `Barbera 02', `Cabernet Sauvignon 02', `Cabernet Sauvignon 04', `Chardonnay 29', `Merlot 01', and `Sangiovese 04'. No differences were found in cane growth of different cultivars. `Sangiovese 04' and `Merlot 01' had larger leaf area and heavier leaves (both blades and petioles) and higher concentrations of blade nitrogen (N), while `Merlot 01' and `Chardonnay 29' had higher petiole nitrate-N than all other cultivars. `Merlot 01' had relatively the highest potassium (K) concentrations in both blade and petiole tissues. `Chardonnay 29' had lower concentration of calcium (Ca) and `Sangiovese 04' had lower concentrations of magnesium (Mg) in both blade and petiole tissues than other cultivars although differences were not always significant. `Barbera 02' had higher blade iron (Fe) and tended to have higher blade copper (Cu) than other cultivars. However, `Chardonnay 29' had higher petiole Fe than `Barbera 02', `Cabernet Sauvignon 04', and `Sangiovese 04'. `Merlot 01' had higher blade manganese (Mn) than `Sangiovese 04'.

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Morphological parameters leaves woody plants in an urban environment (on Gomel example)

Ecology and Noospherology ◽

10.15421/031520 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (3-4) ◽

pp. 62-71

Author(s):

E. G. Tyulkova

Keyword(s):

Urban Environment ◽

Woody Plants ◽

Anthropogenic Impact ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Stabilizing Selection ◽

Morphological Parameters ◽

Industrial Enterprises ◽

Industrial Zones ◽

The City

At present much attention is paid to the investigation of the indicative features of organisms on the whole and vegetative objects in particular. However, it should be noted that sources of toxic elements distributed unevenly on the territories and having various character and intensity in the form of the enterprises and constructions create rather motley picture of environmental pollution both by structure of pollutants, and by their concentration. Therefore an important scientific problem is the examination not only of changes in conditions of technogenic influence in general, but the research of dependence of intensity of morphological plants parameters change on structure and concentration of chemical pollutants in the environment, and also the assessment of possible consequences of pollutants accumulation in vegetative objects. This was the aim of this work. To perform the work used landscape-geochemical analysis include, extending the definition of the emission factor load, characteristic technogene sources of pollution in the form of industrial plants, evaluation of storage medium (vegetation). Vegetation condition was assessed by determining morphological parameters - the length and width of the leaf blade. The article presents a comparative assessment of the anthropogenic impact level of the largest industrial enterprises on the air state in the city of Gomel. Enterprises of western and southern industrial zone have proved to make the greatest contribution to the urban air pollution. The value of the standard deviation was used to assess the degree of anthropogenic impact of industrial enterprises on morphological parameters of woody plants. This index increased in the western and southern industrial zones in the direction from the enterprises with the large volume of pollutant emissions to the enterprises with the small volume of emissions. This trend is caused by stabilizing selection action due to the environmental stress in the form of emissions of the industrial enterprises in these zones. It is also revealed that in western and southern industrial zones the formation of the leaf blade length and width depends more on the level of anthropogenic impact of the chemical plant, combined heat and power plant, JSC «Centrolit» and JSC «Gomeldrev» compared with other companies, that should be considered when further improvement of environmental activities. The results are generally characterized by scientific novelty of the research and can be used for the purpose of indexing the level of anthropogenic impact on urban areas and further improve the methods of monitoring the state of the urban environment. Next it is planned to evaluate the morphological parameters of the leaf blade of woody plants growing in the area of two large industrial enterprises of the Gomel region – JSC «Mozyr Oil Refinery» (Mozyr), JSC «Belarusian Metallurgical Plant» (Zhlobin) and in city parklands. Then the further testing of the heavy metals content will be carried out in the samples of woody plants, grasses and soil from the territory of the industrial enterprises and parklands of the city of Gomel, Mozyr, and Zhlobin.

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Preparing Micrographs and Applying Scale Bars Using Adobe Photoshop Elements™

Microscopy Today ◽

10.1017/s1551929500062428 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 54-57

Author(s):

Susan A. Lancelle

Keyword(s):

Cell Biology ◽

Software Package ◽

Calibration Data ◽

Camera System ◽

Adobe Photoshop ◽

With Memory

As part of our introductory Cell Biology course, our students acquire images through microscopes using consumer cameras with memory cards. They then transfer the images to a computer and prepare them using Adobe Photoshop Elements.™ An important part of this process is learning to apply a scale bar, which calibrates the specimen image. Photoshop Elements is a relatively cheap and widely available software package that easily accomplishes this task for anyone who is using a camera system or software that does not automatically apply a scale bar or calibration data to the image. The instructions and figures herein refer to Photoshop Elements version 4.0, but they apply to other versions of the software.

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Investigating the Efficacy of Adhesive Tape for Drilling Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14071699 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1699

Author(s):

Chander Prakash ◽

Alokesh Pramanik ◽

Animesh K. Basak ◽

Yu Dong ◽

Sujan Debnath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Feed Rate ◽

Research Work ◽

Spindle Speed ◽

Adhesive Tape ◽

Drill Bit ◽

Scotch Tape ◽

Error Surface ◽

Drill Diameter ◽

Circularity Error

In the present research work, an effort has been made to explore the potential of using the adhesive tapes while drilling CFRPs. The input parameters, such as drill bit diameter, point angle, Scotch tape layers, spindle speed, and feed rate have been studied in response to thrust force, torque, circularity, diameter error, surface roughness, and delamination occurring during drilling. It has been found that the increase in point angle increased the delamination, while increase in Scotch tape layers reduced delamination. The surface roughness decreased with the increase in drill diameter and point angle, while it increased with the speed, feed rate, and tape layer. The best low roughness was obtained at 6 mm diameter, 130° point angle, 0.11 mm/rev feed rate, and 2250 rpm speed at three layers of Scotch tape. The circularity error initially increased with drill bit diameter and point angle, but then decreased sharply with further increase in the drill bit diameter. Further, the circularity error has non-linear behavior with the speed, feed rate, and tape layer. Low circularity error has been obtained at 4 mm diameter, 118° point angle, 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, and 2500 RPM speed at three layers of Scotch tape. The low diameter error has been obtained at 6 mm diameter, 130° point angle, 0.12 mm/rev feed rate, and 2500 rpm speed at three layer Scotch tape. From the optical micro-graphs of drilled holes, it has been found that the point angle is one of the most effective process parameters that significantly affects the delamination mechanism, followed by Scotch tape layers as compared to other parameters such as drill bit diameter, spindle speed, and feed rate.

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THE FORECASTING TECHNIQUES OF APPLE TREE ROOT SYSTEMS

The Agrarian Scientific Journal ◽

10.28983/asj.y2020i8pp76-82 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 76-82

Author(s):

Sergey Mikhailovich Vasiliev ◽

Andrey Sergeevich Shtanko ◽

Yakov Evgenievich Udovidchenko

Keyword(s):

Woody Plants ◽

Apple Tree ◽

Root Systems ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Morphometric Parameters ◽

Geometric Parameters ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Forecasting Techniques

The developed method allows predicting the basic morphometric parameters of the root systems of zoned apple trees for the studied conditions of their growth with an accuracy of 80–85%. The methodology and structure of the calculated dependencies can be used to develop appropriate recommendations on determining the geometric parameters of the root systems of the studied plants and for other tree stock-graft combinations of perennial woody plants cultivated in similar and other climatic conditions.

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