Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1737-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Maya Bassil ◽  
Joelle Abi Kharma ◽  
Farah Daou ◽  
Hussein F. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P > 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.

scholarly journals Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Rafsanjan, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Pourtalebi ◽  
Seyyed Amin Ayatollahi Mousavi ◽  
Zahra Assadollahi ◽  
Seyyed Mahdi Mousavi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Postnatal Exposure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers

Background and Purpose: Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of highly toxic mycotoxins present both in the environment and in foodstuffs. The food of infants should be safe and free of various pollutants, including breast milk mycotoxins. This study aimed to measure the mycotoxin of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human milk samples obtained from lactating mothers living in Rafsanjan city, Iran.  Materials and Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, breast milk samples were collected from 150 lactating mothers in Rafsanjan city from September 2015 to April 2016 using the structured food-frequency questionnaire. The AFM1 was measured by employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific kits. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16). Results: The AFM1 was detected in 98 mothers (65%) with a mean concentration of 14.69±8.15 ng/kg, ranging from 5.02 to 41.25 ng/kg. The AFM1 concentration exceeded the tolerable and accepted limit promulgated by the European Union and the USA (25 ng/kg) in only 10 milk samples. Moreover, in 59 milk samples, the AFM1 concentration exceeded the limit recommended by Australia and Switzerland (10 ng/kg). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, lactating mothers and their infants are at risk of AFM1 exposure in southern Iran. Accordingly, the examination of AFM1 concentrations in lactating mothers, as a critical postnatal exposure marker of infants to this carcinogenic compound, requires further studies in various seasonal periods and different parts of Iran.

Breast Milk and Breastfeeding of Infants Born to SARS-CoV-2 Positive Mothers: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bgee Kunjumon ◽  
Elena V. Wachtel ◽  
Rishi Lumba ◽  
Michelle Quan ◽  
Juan Remon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Published Data ◽  
New York University ◽  
Positive Screen ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers

Objective There are limited published data on the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus from mothers to newborns through breastfeeding or from breast milk. The World Health Organization released guidelines encouraging mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to breastfeed as the benefits of breastfeeding outweighs the possible risk of transmission. The objective of this study was to determine if SARS-CoV-2 was present in the breast milk of lactating mothers who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab test prior to delivery, and the clinical outcomes for their newborns. Study Design This was a single-center, observational, prospective cohort study. Maternal–newborn dyads that delivered at New York University Langone Hospital Brooklyn with confirmed maternal SARS-CoV-2 positive screen test at the time of admission were recruited for the study. Breast milk samples were collected during postpartum hospitalization and tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genes N1 and N2 by two-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the clinical characteristics of the maternal newborn dyad, results of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 testing, and neonatal follow-up data were collected. Results A total of 19 mothers were included in the study and their infants who were all fed breast milk. Breast milk samples from 18 mothers tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, and 1 was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The infant who ingested the breast milk that tested positive had a negative nasopharyngeal test for SARS-CoV-2, and had a benign clinical course. There was no evidence of significant clinical infection during the hospital stay or from outpatient neonatal follow-up data for all the infants included in this study. Conclusion In a small cohort of SARS-CoV-2 positive lactating mothers giving birth at our institution, most of their breast milk samples (95%) contained no detectable virus, and there was no evidence of COVID-19 infection in their breast milk-fed neonates. Key Points

Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Human Breast Milk and Raw Cow's Milk in Istanbul, Turkey

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 885-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAŞAR KESKIN ◽  
RUHTAN BAŞKAYA ◽  
SEHER KARSLI ◽  
TÜRKAN YURDUN ◽  
OĞUZ ÖZYARAL
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

This survey was undertaken to determine the extent of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in human breast milk and raw cow's milk in Istanbul, Turkey. Samples of human and raw cow's milk were collected randomly and analyzed for AFM1 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in which the samples were cleaned up with immunoaffinity columns. In this study, AFM1 was detected in 8 (13.1%) of 61 human breast milk samples examined (mean ± SD level, 5.68 ± 0.62 ng/liter; range, 5.10 to 6.90 ng/liter) and 20 (33.3%) of 60 raw cow's milk samples examined (range, 5.40 to 300.20 ng/liter). Five (8.3%) of the positive raw cow's milk samples had AFM1 levels (153.52 ± 100.60 ng/liter; range, 61.20 to 300.20 ng/liter) that were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (0.05 ppb) stipulated by regulations in Turkey and some other countries.

scholarly journals Exposure of infants to organochlorine pesticides from breast milk consumption in southwestern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seblework Mekonen ◽  
Argaw Ambelu ◽  
Mekitie Wondafrash ◽  
Patrick Kolsteren ◽  
Pieter Spanoghe
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Southwestern Ethiopia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

AbstractBreast milk is often used as an environmental bioindicator since it serves as an important medium to accumulate organochlorine pesticides. The main aim of this study is to determine the level of organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk collected from three districts of southwestern Ethiopia (Asendabo, Deneba, and Serbo) at three times points baselines (1st month), midline ( six months), and end line (12 months) and risk of infants’ exposure. A longitudinal study was conducted to assess pesticide residues in human breast milk samples and evaluate the risk-exposure of infants to these pesticides from consumption of mother’s milk in Ethiopia. Breast milk samples were collected from 168 mothers at three time points and pesticides were extracted using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The level of pesticide residues in human milk samples and exposure of infants to the pesticides was evaluated by calculating the estimated daily intake and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake of the pesticides under study. The results indicated that, from the eight organochlorine pesticides analyzed in 447 breast milk samples at three sampling times, DDT and its metabolites were detected. p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT were detected in all (100%) of the breast milk samples while, p,p-DDD, and o,p-DDT were detected in 53.9%, and 42.7%, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT at three time points(baseline, midline and endline) were 2.25, 1.68 and 1.32 µg/g milk fat, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT from the three districts was 1.85 µg/g milk fat which is above the maximum residue limit (MRL = 0.02 µg/g milk fat set by FAO/WHO). The mean ratio of DDT/DDE for the three areas was calculated less than five (< 5) indicates historical DDT use in the study area. The estimated daily intake of infants at the first month of breastfeeding was 11.24 µg/kg-BW/day, above the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) for total DDT set by FAO/WHO, which is 10 µg/kg body weight. An intake of OCPs is a big concern for infants' health in Ethiopia and countries with a similar condition, particularly at the first month of lactation. Strict regulations of the health-threatening pesticide by the regulatory body (Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission) at the country and regional levels is advocated.

Breast milk IgA levels as a possible index to predict the onset of sepsis in infants in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-167
Author(s):  
E. E. Ella ◽  
A. A. Ahmad ◽  
V. J. Umoh ◽  
W. N. Ogala ◽  
T. B. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
The Mean

The mean Immunoglobulin A concentration in 188 colostrum, 93 transitionalmilk and 97 mature milk samples obtained from lactating mothers was206.96 (± 116.40)mg/l, 204.57 (± 123.01)mg/l and 157.65 (± 116.56)mg/lrespectively. The mean, colostrum, transitional and mature milk IgA of motherswith healthy babies was 183.48 (± 114.91) mg/l, 148.35 (± 101.07) mg/land 147.75 (± 114.6) mg/l, while values obtained from mothers whose babieswere sick were 221.22 (± 115.46)mg/l, 235.49 (± 123.75)mg/l and267.81 (± 77.89)mg/l for colostrum, transitional and mature milk respectively.The values obtained from sick babies’ mothers were ‐ significantlyhigher (P < 0.05) than the healthy infants’ mothers. While relative to age ofmothers, the IgA concentrations did not vary significantly (P < 0.05) inhealthy babies’ mothers. However, it was varied significantly in the motherswith sick babies and showed that the concentration of IgA from the mothersaged ≤ 20 varied significantly (P < 0.05) from the mothers aged 21 – 30 and ≥31 years.

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk: Exposure Levels and Determinants among Lactating mothers in Lebanon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Hassan ◽  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Joelle Abi Kharma ◽  
Mohamad Ghassan Abiad ◽  
Maya Bassil
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Persistent Organic Pollutants ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Exposure Levels

Exposure of newborns to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a public health concern. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of POPs in the human milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon and investigate the socio-demographic, nutritional, and other lifestyle determinants. Fifty-four breast milk samples were collected as per WHO guidelines. A survey was used to assess the anthropometric and demographic characteristics of participants. Dietary habits were evaluated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in milk samples using liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography. Among the screened POPs, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) was the only POP detected in breast milk samples. DDE contamination was found in 17.9 % of the samples only. Among the latter, the mean DDE was 11.6 µg/L (SD= 5.0) with a range of 5.7-21.4 µg/L. Pre-pregnancy BMI and age were positively associated with DDE contamination in breastmilk. Females who consumed cereals at least two times/week had detectable levels of DDE contamination in their breast milk. Consumption of potatoes and beans at least once/week was also associated with DDE contamination. Our study is the first to assess the presence of POPs in breast milk in Lebanon. The benefits of breastfeeding compensate for the low occurrence of DDEs. Our findings highlight the high need to implement monitoring policies, good agricultural practices, and education programs for breastfeeding mothers.

Occurrence of and Factors Associated With the Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk of Mothers in Fethiye, Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-368
Author(s):  
Gonca Karayağiz Muslu ◽  
Mehmet Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Environment Exposure ◽  
Test Kit

Aflatoxins comprise a group of mycotoxins that are found in the environment. Exposure to aflatoxins has been reported to cause serious health problems in humans. Since aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is secreted in breast milk, the exposure of infants to this toxin is an important concern. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, levels of, and factors associated with the presence of AFM1 in breast milk of mothers in Fethiye, Turkey. Breast milk samples were taken from 100 mothers who had given birth over the period of October–November 2017. The AFM1 content of the samples was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The lowest limit for milk samples in the Ridascreen® AFM1 commercial test kit is 5 ng/L. Because of this, AFM1 levels below 5 ng/L in the breast milk samples were assessed as negative. Of the breast milk samples tested, 53 were positive. The average AFM1 amount in the positive samples was 6.36 ng/L (ppt; range 5.10–8.31 ng/L). Mothers who were housewives, lived in damp, humid houses, or ate spices or dried fruits and vegetables had significantly greater prevalence of AFM1 in their breast milk than those who were employed, did not report dampness or mold in the home, or did not eat spices or dried fruits and vegetables. AFM1 in breast milk could be an important risk factor for infant health. Informing the public about food safety could reduce the amount of AFM1 being transferred into breast milk via food channels.

scholarly journals Salt intake and blood pressure in Iranian children and adolescents: a population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hassan Emamian ◽  
Hossein Ebrahimi ◽  
Hassan Hashemi ◽  
Akbar Fotouhi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of hypertension in Iranian students, especially in rural areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the daily intake of salt in students and its association with high blood pressure. Methods A random sub-sample was selected from the participants of the second phase of Shahroud schoolchildren eye cohort study and then a random urine sample was tested for sodium, potassium and creatinine. Urine electrolyte esexcretion and daily salt intake were calculated by Tanaka et al.’s formula. Results Among 1455 participants (including 230 participants from rural area and 472 girls), the mean age was 12.9 ± 1.7 year and the mean daily salt intake was 9.7 ± 2.6 g (95% CI 9.5–9.8). The mean salt consumption in rural areas [10.8 (95% CI 10.4–11.2)] was higher than urban areas [9.4 (95% CI 9.3–9.6)], in people with hypertension [10.8 (95% CI 10.3–11.3)] was more than people with normal blood pressure [9.4 (95% CI 9.3–9.6)], and in boys [9.8 (95% CI 9.7–10.0)] was more than girls [9.3 (95% CI 9.1–9.6)]. Higher age, BMI z-score, male sex and rural life, were associated with increased daily salt intake. Increased salt intake was associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion Daily salt intake in Iranian adolescents was about 2 times the recommended amount of the World Health Organization, was higher in rural areas and was associated with blood pressure. Reducing salt intake should be considered as an important intervention, especially in rural areas.

scholarly journals Detection of cross-reactive IgA against SARS-CoV-2 spike 1 subunit in saliva

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichi Tsukinoki ◽  
Tatsuo Yamamoto ◽  
Keisuke Handa ◽  
Mariko Iwamiya ◽  
Juri Saruta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces

AbstractAbundant secretory IgA (sIgA) in mucus, breast milk, and saliva provides immunity that prevents infection of mucosal surfaces. sIgA in pre-pandemic breast milk samples have been reported to cross-react with SARS-CoV-2, but whether it also occurs in saliva and, if so, whether it cross-reacts with SARS-CoV-2, has remained unknown. We aimed to clarify whether sIgA in saliva cross-reacts with SARS-CoV-2 spike 1 subunit in individuals who have not been infected with this virus. The study included 137 (male, n = 101; female, n = 36; mean age, 38.7 [24–65] years) of dentists and doctors in the Kanagawa Dental University Hospital. Saliva and blood samples were analyzed by PCR and immunochromatography for IgG and IgM, respectively. We then identified patients with saliva samples that were confirmed as PCR- and IgM-negative for COVID-19. Proportions of SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive IgA-positive individuals were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a biotin-labeled spike S1-mFc recombinant protein covering the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive IgA-positive individuals was 46.7%, and this correlated negatively with age (r = −0.218, p = 0.01). The proportion of IgA-positive individuals ≥ 50 y was significantly lower than that of patients aged ≤ 49 y (p = 0.008). sIgA was purified from the saliva of all patients, and the salivary sIgA was found to suppress the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the ACE-2 receptor. We found SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive sIgA in the saliva of some participants who had never been infected with the virus, suggesting that sIgA helps prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Association between screen time and snack consumption in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Kelishadi ◽  
Nafiseh Mozafarian ◽  
Mostafa Qorbani ◽  
Mohammad Reza Maracy ◽  
Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
World Health ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Snack Consumption ◽  
Watching Tv

AbstractBackground:The relationship between screen time (ST) and the frequency of snack consumption in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents was assessed. The present nationwide survey was conducted on 14,880 school students living in urban and rural areas of 30 provinces in Iran. Trained healthcare providers conducted the physical examination and completed the questionnaire of the World Health Organization – Global School-Based Student Health Survey (WHO-GSHS).Methods:The association between ST (total time spent watching TV and using a computer in leisure time) and the frequency of snack consumption was determined using ordinal logistic regression analysis. The subjects were 13,486 students out of the 14,880 invited including 50.8% boys. The mean (SD) age of participants was 12.47 (3.36) years.Results:In multivariate models, for students who had prolonged ST (more than 4 h/day), the odds of daily consumption of sweets (odds ratio, OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.14–1.4), salty snacks (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.5–1.76), soft drinks (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.4–1.7), canned fruit juice (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2–1.4), and fast food (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.4–1.7) were higher compared to those with low ST. Furthermore, the odds of daily consumption of milk in students who had prolonged ST (more than 4 h/day) were lower compared to those with low ST (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.8–0.99).Conclusions:Prolonged time spent watching TV and using a computer during leisure time might be associated with unhealthy dietary habits. Moreover, inactivity induced by prolonged ST may also lead to unhealthy dietary habits and in turn excess weight in children and adolescents.

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