scholarly journals Surface phenomena of gradient materials

Author(s):  
Arnold Krawietz

AbstractThe behavior of third gradient materials is analyzed. They possess stress tensor fields of second, third and fourth order. Starting from the principle of virtual power, we derive the admissible boundary conditions. Those on free surfaces can only be obtained by the application of the divergence theorem of surfaces. On the other hand, such an application to fictitious internal cuts makes no sense although it is usually practiced. We prove that some of the boundary conditions on a free surface may be interpreted as the equilibrium conditions of a shell. So a crust shell exists on such a surface and a beam exists where patches of the surface meet. On the other hand, no such shells or beams can be found with fictitious surfaces in the interior of a continuum. Our finding does not depend on any specific constitutive assumption.

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1235-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dobrowolny ◽  
F Engelmann ◽  
A Sestero

AbstractThe stability of a plasma diode with respect to longitudinal oscillations is investigated. If there are free particles emitted by the electrodes, the perturbations do not have the same dynamics as they would in an infinite plasma, contrary to the case where only particles trapped in the diode are present. This can be interpreted as due to a coupling of plane waves of different wave lengths, introduced by the boundary conditions at the electrodes. The occurrence of resonant-particle effects, on the other hand, is subjected to precisely the same conditions as in an infinite plasma.


2015 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings, 27th... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Beil

International audience Triangular fully packed loop configurations (TFPLs) came up in the study of fully packed loop configurations on a square (FPLs) corresponding to link patterns with a large number of nested arches. To a TFPL is assigned a triple $(u,v;w)$ of $01$-words encoding its boundary conditions. A necessary condition for the boundary $(u,v;w)$ of a TFPL is $\lvert \lambda(u) \rvert +\lvert \lambda(v) \rvert \leq \lvert \lambda(w) \rvert$, where $\lambda(u)$ denotes the Young diagram associated with the $01$-word $u$. Wieland gyration, on the other hand, was invented to show the rotational invariance of the numbers $A_\pi$ of FPLs corresponding to a given link pattern $\pi$. Later, Wieland drift was defined as the natural adaption of Wieland gyration to TFPLs. The main contribution of this article is a linear expression for the number of TFPLs with boundary $(u,v;w)$ where $\lvert \lambda (w) \rvert - \lvert\lambda (u) \rvert - \lvert \lambda (v)\rvert \leq 2$ in terms of numbers of stable TFPLs that is TFPLs invariant under Wieland drift. These stable TFPLs have boundary $(u^{+},v^{+};w)$ for words $u^{+}$ and $v^{+}$ such that $\lambda (u) \subseteq \lambda (u^{+})$ and $\lambda (v) \subseteq \lambda (v^{+})$. Les configurations de boucles compactes triangulaires (”triangular fully packed loop configurations”, ou TFPLs) sont apparues dans l’étude des configurations de boucles compactes dans un carré (FPLs) correspondant à des motifs de liaison avec un grand nombre d’arcs imbriqués. À chaque TPFL on associe un triplet $(u,v;w)$ de mots sur {0,1}, qui encode ses conditions aux bords. Une condition nécessaire pour le bord $(u,v;w)$ d’un TFPL est $\lvert \lambda(u) \rvert +\lvert \lambda(v) \rvert \leq \lvert \lambda(w) \rvert$, où $\lambda(u)$ désigne le diagramme de Young associé au mot $u$. D’un autre côté, la giration de Wieland a été inventée pour montrer l’invariance par rotation des nombres $A_\pi$ de FPLs correspondant à un motif de liaison donné $\pi$. Plus tard, la déviation de Wieland a été définie pour adapter de manière naturelle la giration de Wieland aux TFPLs. La contribution principale de cet article est une expression linéaire pour le nombre de TFPLs de bord $(u,v;w)$, où $\lvert \lambda (w) \rvert - \lvert\lambda (u) \rvert - \lvert \lambda (v)\rvert \leq 2$, en fonction des nombres de TFPLs stables, <i>i.e</i>., les TFPLs invariants par déviation de Wieland. Ces TFPLs stables ont pour bord $(u^{+},v^{+};w)$, avec $u^{+}$ et $v^{+}$ des mots tels que $\lambda (u) \subseteq \lambda (u^{+})$ et $\lambda (v) \subseteq \lambda (v^{+})$.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Vercher ◽  
Enrique Gil ◽  
Ángeles Mas ◽  
Carlos Lerma ◽  
M. Eugenia Torner

This paper evaluates the residual safety of isolated T-joists with severe corrosion for the two extreme cases of boundary conditions, simply supported and fixed-ended, in order to help in making decisions about the magnitude of the necessary intervention. When the T-joist is part of a complete slab, the boundary conditions will be in an intermediate situation between these two extreme cases, so that it is possible to assess the safety with respect to its degree of embedding. The research is conducted for the cases of healthy T-joist, T-joist with complete corrosion of the lower reinforcement, and repaired T-joists with a variable number of CFRP sheets. This work is based on the ACI 318 load test to maintain a structure in use and proposes a Load Factor (LF), which estimates the safety reserve. The simply supported T-joists specimens with severe corrosion do not meet the Load Factor or ACI 318 criteria, even with a large number of CFRP sheets. On the other hand, fixed-ended cases can be kept in use despite corrosion by applying light CFRP strengthening, and with four sheets the initial safety is restored.


10.37236/5536 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Beil

Triangular fully packed loop configurations (TFPLs) came up in the study of fully packed loop configurations on a square (FPLs) corresponding to link patterns with a large number of nested arches. To a TFPL is assigned a triple $(u,v;w)$ of $01$-words encoding its boundary conditions which must necessarily satisfy that $d(u)+d(v)\leq d(w)$, where $d(u)$ denotes the number of inversions in $u$. Wieland gyration, on the other hand, was invented to show the rotational invariance of the numbers of FPLs having given link patterns. Later, Wieland drift — a map on TFPLs that is based on Wieland gyration — was defined. The main contribution of this article will be a linear expression for the number of TFPLs with boundary $(u,v;w)$ where $d(w)-d(u)-d(v)=2$ in terms of numbers of stable TFPLs, that is, TFPLs invariant under Wieland drift. This linear expression generalises already existing enumeration results for TFPLs with boundary $(u,v;w)$ where $d(w)-d(u)-d(v)=0,1$.


2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 629-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERGIO CURILEF

This work presents a possible way to study the long-range interacting particles in finite-infinite (mesoscopic-macroscopic) systems with periodic boundary conditions. A symmetric lattice and their contributions over all space are used in the problem. In the present model, we assume that at long distances, the two-body attractive potential decays as a 1/rα law. We verified that the potential in any particle converges (diverges) when the interactions are short(long)-ranged. On the other hand, forces in any particle converge rapidly in all cases. However, we adopt a nonextensive scaling and we guarantee that the potential converges anywhere.


2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo G. Landim

Abstract Extra dimensions have been used as attempts to explain several phenomena in particle physics. In this paper we investigate the role of brane-localized kinetic terms (BLKT) on thin and thick branes with two flat extra dimensions (ED) compactified on the chiral square, and an abelian gauge field in the bulk. The results for a thin brane have resemblance with the 5-D case, leading to a tower of massive KK particles whose masses depend upon the compactification radius and the BLKT parameter. On the other hand, for the thick brane scenario, there is no solution that satisfy the boundary conditions. Because of this, the mechanism of suppressed couplings due to ED (Landim and Rizzo, in JHEP 06:112, 2019) cannot be extended to 6-D.


2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110198
Author(s):  
Walter Vera-Tudela ◽  
Christophe Barro ◽  
Konstantinos Boulouchos

Turbulent jet ignition (TJI) is a promising strategy to ignite diluted air-fuel mixtures; this is usually generated by igniting a fraction of the mixture inside a small pre-chamber. Nevertheless, the processes that take place inside the pre-chamber, as well as the injection of the turbulent jet into the main chamber and its subsequent re-ignition are not fully understood. The current work presents an experimental investigation that studies the effects of the nozzle size, turbulence level, and air-fuel mixture on the pre-chamber ignition and main chamber re-ignition and combustion. To accomplish this, a series of experiments have been carried out under different boundary conditions. To understand the phenomena taking place in the pre- and main chamber, two different approaches were taken: On one hand, (1) pressure-based diagnostics were applied by fitting a pressure sensor in each of the chambers. This was done to trace the pressure evolution during the whole combustion event and to calculate the heat-release. On the other hand, (2) optical diagnostics were setup on both combustion chambers, using dual schlieren setups synchronized at the same frame rate. The optically accessible test rig and the combination of schlieren in the pre-chamber (PC) & main-chamber (MC) allows to visualize the ignition, flame propagation, quenching mechanisms and re-ignition under a wide range of boundary conditions. This combined with the pressure traces and heat-release give a full understanding of the ignition and combustion processes. Higher turbulence levels and equivalence ratios increase the propagation of the flame front and the peak pressure in the pre-chamber. The resulting higher nozzle-exit velocities lead, on one hand, to faster mixing and therefore to a larger portion of main chamber fuel within the jet, which decrease the main chamber combustion duration. On the other hand, to high quenching and longer re-ignition times, which show the adverse effect.


1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.


Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.


Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.


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