Are the log-growth rates of city sizes distributed normally? Empirical evidence for the USA

This article briefly reviews the conservative, liberal and radical approaches to social welfare programs, and compares these with empirical evidence from the USA. Conservatives stress that welfare programs reduce work incentives and undermine individual initiatives. Liberals suggest that cuts in welfare have created increased hardship without changing significantly the incentives to work. The Massachusetts Employment and Training Program is analyzed from both perspectives. The Program does not reduce benefits but instead increases work incentives. The results of this Program are skeptically reviewed by radicals as well as some liberals.

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What's Globalization Got to Do with It? Economic Interdependence and the Future of European Welfare States

Government and Opposition ◽

10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00168.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Colin Hay

Keyword(s):

Welfare State ◽

Welfare Reform ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Welfare States ◽

Social Models ◽

The Future ◽

The Usa ◽

State Regime ◽

European Welfare States ◽

The Welfare State

AbstractThe appeal to globalization as a non-negotiable external economic constraint plays an increasingly significant role in the linked politics of expectation suppression and welfare reform in contemporary Europe. Yet, although it threatens to become something of a self- fulfilling prophecy, the thesis that globalization entails welfare retrenchment and convergence is empirically suspect. In this paper it is argued that there is little evidence of convergence amongst European social models and that, although common trajectories can be identified, these have tended to be implemented more or less enthusiastically and at different paces to produce, to date, divergent outcomes. Second, I suggest that it is difficult to see globalization as the principal agent determining the path on which European social models are embarked since the empirical evidence points if anything to de-globalization rather than globalization. The implications of this for the future of the welfare state in Europe and for the USA as a model welfare state regime are explored.

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Impact of the Basel III bank regulation on US agricultural lending

Agricultural Finance Review ◽

10.1108/afr-11-2019-0124 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 321-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kevin Nooree Kim ◽

Ani L. Katchova

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Banking Sector ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Global Financial Crisis ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

Capital Requirements ◽

Basel Iii ◽

Content Type ◽

The Usa ◽

The Impact

Purpose Following the recent global financial crisis, US regulatory agencies issued laws to implement the Basel III accords to ensure the resiliency of the US banking sector. Theories predict that enhanced regulations may alter credit issuance of the regulated banks due to increased capital requirements, but the direction of changes might not be straightforward especially with respect to the agricultural loans. A decrease in credit availability from banks might pose a serious problem for farmers who rely on bank credit especially during economic recessions. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the impact of Basel III regulatory framework implementation on agricultural lending in the USA is examined. Using panel data of FDIC-insured banks from 2008 to 2017, the agricultural loan volume and growth rates are examined for agricultural banks and all US banks. Findings The results show that agricultural loan growth rates have slowed down, but the amount of agricultural loan volume issuance still remained positive. More detailed examination finds that regulated agricultural banks have decreased both the agricultural loan volume and their loan exposure to the agricultural sector, showing a possible sign of credit crunch. Originality/value This study examines whether the implementation of the Basel III regulation has resulted in changes in agricultural loan issuance by US banks as predicted by the lending channel theory.

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The economic impact of a rise in US trade protectionism on East Asia

Journal of Korea Trade ◽

10.1108/jkt-03-2018-0025 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 265-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Inkyo Cheong ◽

Jose Tongzon

Keyword(s):

East Asia ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

East Asian ◽

Economic Loss ◽

East Asian Country ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Content Type ◽

The Usa ◽

Asean Countries

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the economic impact of a rising US trade protectionism on the economies of China, Japan, South Korea and the ASEAN countries and draw out some policy and strategic implications for the USA and East Asia. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ a computable general equilibrium approach supplemented with qualitative analyses based on empirical evidence. Findings An increase in US import tariffs would result in economic losses for the USA and the corresponding country or region to which the import tariff increase is applied. An increase in US import tariffs for Chinese goods alone would not have any spillover effects on other East Asian countries. But, an imposition of a border adjustment tax (BAT) for all countries and for all products would actually boost US economic growth. Advanced economies would enjoy GDP increases, but China, Korea and the ASEAN countries would face an economic loss in a longer term period, although they would enjoy some growth in the short term. However, when the BAT only applies to a specific East Asian country, USA would suffer an economic loss, with the exception of a BAT specifically targeted at the ASEAN countries. ASEAN countries would not experience any economic loss under all scenarios except in the case of import tariffs specifically targeted at ASEAN. Research limitations/implications From the US perspective, it is beneficial to adopt a BAT for all countries and across the board. Under this arrangement, there would be an economic loss for China, Korea and the ASEAN countries in the longer term. An increase in US trade protectionism would only push the East Asian countries towards deeper economic integration, with serious implications for global pattern of trade and investment. Originality/value The existing literature on the likely economic impact of US trade protectionism on East Asia is very scarce and based on surveys and subjective speculations. This study uses a quantitative method based on empirical evidence.

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On Public Investment, the Real Exchange Rate and Growth: Some Empirical Evidence from the UK and the USA

Manchester School ◽

10.1111/1467-9957.00345 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 242-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sugata Ghosh ◽

Iannis A. Mourmouras ◽

Sarmistha Pal ◽

Ivan Paya

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Real Exchange Rate ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Public Investment ◽

The Real ◽

The Usa ◽

The Uk

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Empirical Evidence of Unsolicited Proposals in PPP Arrangements: A Comparison of Brazil, Korea and the USA

Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis Research and Practice ◽

10.1080/13876988.2017.1390866 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 435-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rui Cunha Marques

Keyword(s):

Empirical Evidence ◽

The Usa

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MODELING CONSUMER AND INDUSTRY REACTION TO RENEWABLE SUPPORT SCHEMES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE USA AND APPLICATIONS FOR RUSSIA

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy ◽

10.32479/ijeep.8961 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 158-167

Author(s):

Svetlana Balashova ◽

Svetlana Ratner ◽

Konstantin Gomonov ◽

Andrey Berezin

Keyword(s):

Empirical Evidence ◽

The Usa

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What explains the widening gap between the retail and producer prices of food?

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.5954 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (3-4) ◽

pp. 317-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T. KUOSMANEN ◽

J. NIEMI

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Productivity Growth ◽

Agricultural Policy ◽

Imperfect Competition ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Food Hygiene ◽

Policy Reforms ◽

The Usa ◽

Producer Prices

The widening margin between the retail and producer prices of food has been documented in numerous empirical studies both in Europe and in the USA for many different food products. This paper explores the possible reasons for this phenomenon, with emphasis on the situation in Finland. Six conceivable explanations are recognized: 1) increased degree of processing, 2) better food hygiene, 3) differences in productivity growth across sectors, 4) agricultural policy reforms, 5) international trade, and 6) imperfect competition. In this paper each of the hypotheses is assessed in light of the available empirical evidence.

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Omnivory does not preclude strong trophic cascades

10.1101/441535 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ashkaan K. Fahimipour ◽

David A. Levin ◽

Kurt E. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Empirical Evidence ◽

Parameter Space ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Trophic Cascades ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Foraging Strategy ◽

Foraging Strategies ◽

Primary Producers ◽

High Productivity ◽

Per Capita

AbstractOmnivory has been cited as an explanation for why trophic cascades are weak in many ecosystems, but empirical support for this prediction is equivocal. Compared to predators that feed only on herbivores, top omnivores — species that feed on both herbivores and primary producers — have been observed generating cascades ranging from strong, to moderate, null, and negative. To gain intuition about the sensitivity of cascades to omnivory, we analyzed models describing systems with top omnivores that display either fixed or flexible diets, two foraging strategies that are supported by empirical observations. We identified regions of parameter space wherein omnivores following a fixed foraging strategy, with herbivores and producers comprising a constant proportion of the diet, non-intuitively generate stronger cascades than predators that are otherwise demographically identical: (i) high productivity relative to herbivore mortality, and (ii) small discrepancies in producer versus herbivore reward create conditions in which cascades are stronger with moderate omnivory. In contrast, flexible omnivores that attempt to optimize per capita growth rates during search never induce cascades that are stronger than the case of predators. Although we focus on simple models, the consistency of these general patterns together with prior empirical evidence suggests that omnivores should not be uniformly ruled out as agents of strong trophic cascades.

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