Neuronal degeneration and oxidative stress in the SNc of 6-OHDA intoxicated rats; improving role of silymarin long-term treatment

The cornerstone of cognitive treatment (CT) for OCD is based upon the knowledge that unwanted intrusions are essentially a universal experience. As such, it is not the presence of the intrusion that is problematic but rather the associated meaning or interpretation. Treatment is flexible, depending upon the nature of the appraisals and beliefs, but can include strategies focused on inflated responsibility and overestimation of threat, importance and control of thoughts, and the need for perfectionism and certainty. The role of concealment and the relationship to personal values are important maintaining and etiological factors. The short-term and long-term treatment outcome is reviewed, along with predictors of treatment response and mechanisms of action, and the chapter concludes with future directions regarding CT for OCD.

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Defining the role of SGAs in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder

Bipolar Disorders ◽

10.1111/bdi.12472 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 65-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gin S Malhi ◽

Grace Morris ◽

Amber Hamilton ◽

Tim Outhred ◽

Pritha Das

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Long Term Treatment

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The relevance of prescribing triple neurohormonal blockade in real clinical practice: the role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

Consilium Medicum ◽

10.26442/20751753.2021.6.200889 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 491-497

Author(s):

Igor V. Zhirov ◽

◽

Igor V. Zhirov ◽

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Heart Failure ◽

Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽

Systolic Dysfunction ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Real Clinical Practice

In the article is outlined the main concepts use of the mineralocorticoids receptors antagonists in the treatment of congestive heart failure and systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. Claimed the pivotal role of eplerenone in the long-term treatment strategy due to decrease of mortality and improving the clinical outcomes.

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Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment: Effects on Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Stress

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11121827 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1827

Author(s):

Nofar Schottlender ◽

Irit Gottfried ◽

Uri Ashery

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽

Mitochondrial Function ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Mitochondrial Activity ◽

Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment ◽

Oxygen Treatment ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT)—the administration of 100% oxygen at atmospheric pressure (ATA) greater than 1 ATA—increases the proportion of dissolved oxygen in the blood five- to twenty-fold. This increase in accessible oxygen places the mitochondrion—the organelle that consumes most of the oxygen that we breathe—at the epicenter of HBOT’s effects. As the mitochondrion is also a major site for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is possible that HBOT will increase also oxidative stress. Depending on the conditions of the HBO treatment (duration, pressure, umber of treatments), short-term treatments have been shown to have deleterious effects on both mitochondrial activity and production of ROS. Long-term treatment, on the other hand, improves mitochondrial activity and leads to a decrease in ROS levels, partially due to the effects of HBOT, which increases antioxidant defense mechanisms. Many diseases and conditions are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and imbalance between ROS and antioxidant scavengers, suggesting potential therapeutic intervention for HBOT. In the present review, we will present current views on the effects of HBOT on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, the interplay between them and the implications for several diseases.

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Putative role of pharmacogenetics to elucidate the mechanism of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia

Pharmacogenomics ◽

10.2217/pgs-2019-0100 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (17) ◽

pp. 1199-1223 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Anton JM Loonen ◽

Bob Wilffert ◽

Svetlana A Ivanova

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Tardive Dyskinesia ◽

Genetic Variants ◽

Long Term Potentiation ◽

Specific Gene ◽

Medium Spiny Neurons ◽

Spiny Neurons ◽

Long Term Treatment

Identifying biomarkers which can be used as a diagnostic tool is a major objective of pharmacogenetic studies. Most mental and many neurological disorders have a compiled multifaceted nature, which may be the reason why this endeavor has hitherto not been very successful. This is also true for tardive dyskinesia (TD), an involuntary movement complication of long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs. The observed associations of specific gene variants with the prevalence and severity of a disorder can also be applied to try to elucidate the pathogenesis of the condition. In this paper, this strategy is used by combining pharmacogenetic knowledge with theories on the possible role of a dysfunction of specific cellular elements of neostriatal parts of the (dorsal) extrapyramidal circuits: various glutamatergic terminals, medium spiny neurons, striatal interneurons and ascending monoaminergic fibers. A peculiar finding is that genetic variants which would be expected to increase the neostriatal dopamine concentration are not associated with the prevalence and severity of TD. Moreover, modifying the sensitivity to glutamatergic long-term potentiation (and excitotoxicity) shows a relationship with levodopa-induced dyskinesia, but not with TD. Contrasting this, TD is associated with genetic variants that modify vulnerability to oxidative stress. Reducing the oxidative stress burden of medium spiny neurons may also be the mechanism behind the protective influence of 5-HT2 receptor antagonists. It is probably worthwhile to discriminate between neostriatal matrix and striosomal compartments when studying the mechanism of TD and between orofacial and limb-truncal components in epidemiological studies.

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Neuropharmacology of the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia and Role of Pain: Essential Oil of Bergamot as a Novel Therapeutic Approach

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20133327 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 3327 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Damiana Scuteri ◽

Laura Rombolà ◽

Luigi Antonio Morrone ◽

Giacinto Bagetta ◽

Shinobu Sakurada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Psychological Symptoms ◽

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Anxiety Depression ◽

Cognitive Disturbance

Aging of the population makes of dementia a challenge for health systems worldwide. The cognitive disturbance is a serious but not the only issue in dementia; behavioral and psychological syndromes known as neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia remarkably reduce the quality of life. The cluster of symptoms includes anxiety, depression, wandering, delusions, hallucinations, misidentifications, agitation and aggression. The pathophysiology of these symptoms implicates all the neurotransmitter systems, with a pivotal role for the glutamatergic neurotransmission. Imbalanced glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmissions, over-activation of the extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and alterations of the latter have been linked to the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms experienced by almost the entire demented population. Drugs with efficacy and safety for prevention or long term treatment of these disorders are not available yet. Aromatherapy provides the best evidence for positive outcomes in the control of agitation, the most resistant symptom. Demented patients often cannot verbalize pain, resulting in unrelieved symptoms and contributing to agitation. Bergamot essential oil provides extensive preclinical evidence of analgesic properties. Incidentally, the essential oil of bergamot induces anxyolitic-like effects devoid of sedation, typical of benzodiazepines, with a noteworthy advantage for demented patients. These data, together with the reported safety profile, form the rational basis for bergamot as a neurotherapeutic to be trialed for the control of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.

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The Effects of Sesquiterpenes-Rich Extract ofAlpinia oxyphyllaMiq. on Amyloid-β-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Neuronal Abnormalities in the Cortex and Hippocampus of Mice

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2014/451802 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Shao-Huai Shi ◽

Xu Zhao ◽

Bing Liu ◽

Huan Li ◽

Ai-Jing Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Clinical History ◽

Memory Deficits ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Neuroprotective Activity ◽

Nuclear Condensation ◽

Alpinia Oxyphylla ◽

Long Term Treatment

As a kind of medicine which can also be used as food,Alpinia oxyphyllaMiq. has a long clinical history in China. A variety of studies demonstrated the significant neuroprotective activity effects of chloroform (CF) extract from the fruits ofAlpinia oxyphylla.In order to further elucidate the possible mechanisms of CF extract which mainly contains sesquiterpenes with neuroprotection on the cognitive ability, mice were injected with Aβ1−42and later with CF in this study. The results showed that the long-term treatment of CF enhanced the cognitive performances in behavior tests, increased activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and amyloid-β(Aβ), and reversed the activation of microglia, degeneration of neuronal acidophilia, and nuclear condensation in the cortex and hippocampus. These results demonstrate that CF ameliorates learning and memory deficits by attenuating oxidative stress and regulating the activation of microglia and degeneration of neuronal acidophilia to reinforce cholinergic functions.

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