scholarly journals Role of the Microbiome in Regulating Bone Metabolism and Susceptibility to Osteoporosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Cronin ◽  
Susan A. Lanham-New ◽  
Bernard M. Corfe ◽  
Celia L. Gregson ◽  
Andrea L. Darling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Bone Maintenance ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe human microbiota functions at the interface between diet, medication-use, lifestyle, host immune development and health. It is therefore closely aligned with many of the recognised modifiable factors that influence bone mass accrual in the young, and bone maintenance and skeletal decline in older populations. While understanding of the relationship between micro-organisms and bone health is still in its infancy, two decades of broader microbiome research and discovery supports a role of the human gut microbiome in the regulation of bone metabolism and pathogenesis of osteoporosis as well as its prevention and treatment. Pre-clinical research has demonstrated biological interactions between the microbiome and bone metabolism. Furthermore, observational studies and randomized clinical trials have indicated that therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota by oral administration of probiotics may influence bone turnover and prevent bone loss in humans. In this paper, we summarize the content, discussion and conclusions of a workshop held by the Osteoporosis and Bone Research Academy of the Royal Osteoporosis Society in October, 2020. We provide a detailed review of the literature examining the relationship between the microbiota and bone health in animal models and in humans, as well as formulating the agenda for key research priorities required to advance this field. We also underscore the potential pitfalls in this research field that should be avoided and provide methodological recommendations to facilitate bridging the gap from promising concept to a potential cause and intervention target for osteoporosis.

Trade Union Membership and Job Satisfaction

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Bluen ◽  
Caroline van Zwam
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Union Membership ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Worker Satisfaction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

The relationship between union membership and job satisfaction, and the moderating role of race and sex is considered in this study. Results show that both race and sex interact with union membership in predicting job satisfaction. A significant 2 × 2 × 2 (union membership × race × sex) interaction showed that white, non-unionized females were less satisfied with their work than black, non-unionized females. In addition, sex moderated the relationship between union membership and co-worker satisfaction: Whereas unionized males were more satisfied with their co-workers than unionized females, the opposite was true for the non-unionized subjects. Finally, union members and non-members differed regarding promotion opportunities: Union members were more satisfied with their promotion opportunities than non-union members. On the basis of the findings, implications and future research priorities are discussed.

scholarly journals HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: The Relationship of HIV Infection with Physical and Social Comorbidities

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Tedaldi ◽  
Nancy L. Minniti ◽  
Tracy Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The prevalence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) will undoubtedly increase with the improved longevity of HIV-infected persons. HIV infection, itself, as well as multiple physiologic and psychosocial factors can contribute to cognitive impairment and neurologic complications. These comorbidities confound the diagnosis, assessment, and interventions for neurocognitive disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of several key comorbid factors that may contribute significantly to the development and progression of HIV-related neurocognitive impairment, as well as the current status of diagnostic strategies aimed at identifying HIV-infected individuals with impaired cognition and future research priorities and challenges.

scholarly journals Association Between Gut Microbiota and Bone Health: Potential Mechanisms and Prospective

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 3635-3646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Cheng Chen ◽  
Jonathan Greenbaum ◽  
Hui Shen ◽  
Hong-Wen Deng
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Context It has been well established that the human gut microbiome plays a critical role in the regulation of important biological processes and the mechanisms underlying numerous complex diseases. Although researchers have only recently begun to study the relationship between the gut microbiota and bone metabolism, early efforts have provided increased evidence to suggest an important association. Evidence Acquisition In this study, we attempt to comprehensively summarize the relationship between the gut microbiota and bone metabolism by detailing the regulatory effects of the microbiome on various biological processes, including nutrient absorption and the intestinal mucosal barrier, immune system functionality, the gut–brain axis, and excretion of functional byproducts. In this review, we incorporate evidence from various types of studies, including observational, in vitro and in vivo animal experiments, as well as small efficacy clinic trails. Evidence Synthesis We review the various potential mechanisms of influence for the gut microbiota on the regulation of bone metabolism and discuss the importance of further examining the potential effects of the gut microbiota on the risk of osteoporosis in humans. Furthermore, we outline some useful tools/approaches for metagenomics research and present some prominent examples of metagenomics association studies in humans. Conclusion Current research efforts, although limited, clearly indicate that the gut microbiota may be implicated in bone metabolism, and therefore, further exploration of this relationship is a promising area of focus in bone health and osteoporosis research. Although most existing studies investigate this relationship using animal models, human studies are both needed and on the horizon.

scholarly journals A review on the role of macro and micro nutrients in bone health

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Rupesh Jung Belbase ◽  
Amrut Diwakar Raje ◽  
Anchal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Prevention Education ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Bone Maintenance ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients

<p class="abstract">Osteoporosis is a major public health problem, affecting many individuals. The aging population will require problem related prevention, education, and treatment to maintain bone density and reduce the bone fractures and falls. Inadequate intake of nutrients increases the risk for bone loss and subsequent osteoporosis. Protein, calcium and vitamin D are vital nutrients for optimal bone health. Adequate calcium is essential for bone maintenance. There are several other vitamin and mineral needed for metabolic processes related to good bone health, including manganese, copper, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin K, vitamin C and the B vitamins. Related macro- and micronutrients play an important role in bone mass integrity and quality. Adequate nutrition for older adults needs to be encouraged to promote and maintain bone health.</p>

The Urban Pushback: International Law as an Instrument of Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Janne E. Nijman
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Study Group ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Relationship

For a start, I would like to thank Veronika Fikfak for the invitation and initiating this panel. In my brief remarks, I aim to do three things. First, I would like to discuss briefly the development of the relationship between “cities and international law” and consequently the formation of a new research field. I will illustrate this formation by mentioning briefly two projects I am leading with friend and colleague Helmut Aust (Berlin): the ILA Study Group on “The Role of Cities in International Law” and a research handbook on the theme of cities and international law. I will end with some remarks regarding a paper I am currently working on: “The Urban Pushback”. The relationship between cities and international law is complex and multi-faceted. For the purpose of this Conference's Panel, my remarks focus on how international law has become an instrument of cities.

scholarly journals Translation and Political Discourse

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mátyás Bánhegyi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe paper describes the text linguistic research of political texts in the field of Translation Studies and presents an overview of critical discourse analysis-based studies. First, the relationship between text, power and ideology and its implications on the role of translation are explored. This is followed by a review of a number of studies on the translation of political texts and on the power relations involved. The paper classifies such studies into the following six categories representing distinct research fields: translators' professional roles and politics; translators acting as mediators in situations of political conflict; translators' professional responsibilities and the strategies they apply; the inference of translators' own historical, social and cultural backgrounds; manipulation in the translation of literary texts and other text types; and critical discourse awareness in Translation Studies. The most recent studies in the above research fields and their results are also presented. It is concluded that these approaches exhibit quite varied research methods and their results are almost impossible to compare. With a view to the future development of this research field, it seems expedient to introduce a unified research theory, method and tool.

Role of Medication Beliefs on Medication Adherence in Hypertensive Middle Eastern Refugees and Migrants in Australia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wejdan Shahin ◽  
Gerard A. Kennedy ◽  
Wendell Cockshaw ◽  
Ieva Stupans
Keyword(s):  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Multiple Mediation ◽  
Improve Medication Adherence ◽  
Medication Beliefs ◽  
Migration Status ◽  
Adherence To Medication ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract BackgroundAdherence to medication is essential in some patients for achieving treatment control in hypertension. Medication beliefs is one of the personal modifiable factors that has been recognised to influence medication adherence in different populations. However, there is no published research to confirm the relationship between medication beliefs and medication adherence in Middle Eastern refugees and migrants in Australia. These two different groups may develop different beliefs about their medications that lead to different medication taking behaviours. Understanding the possible differences in beliefs may have a significant impact on enhancing medication adherence in these groups.Design320 Middle Eastern refugees and migrants with hypertension were approached via various social groups in Australia and asked to complete Arabic versions of the Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire (BMQ) and the Medication Adherence Questionnaire. BMQ scores (necessity and concerns scales) were classified as "accepting", "indifferent", "ambivalent" or "skeptical". Multiple mediation modelling was applied to examine the role of necessity and concerns scales as mediators between migration status and medication adherence.ResultsThere were significant associations between medication adherence and medication beliefs scores (necessity and concerns scales) (p = 0.0001). Necessity, and concern were mediators in the relationship between migration status and medication adherence. Significant differences were found between refugees and migrants for medication adherence and medication beliefs. Refugees were likely to have less necessity, and more concern beliefs than migrants. They were also less likely to adhere to medications. Almost 30% of refugees could be classified as skeptical and 40% as ambivalent. In contrast, 50% of migrants had accepting beliefs, and around 35% held ambivalent beliefs. Refugees and migrants with “accepting” beliefs reported the highest adherence to medication and those holding “skeptical” beliefs reported the lowest adherence.ConclusionMedication beliefs are potentially modifiable and are reasonable targets for clinical interventions designed to improve medication adherence. Understanding these beliefs and the likely differences between refugees and migrants is crucial to provide specific and targeted advice to each group independently in order to improve medication adherence and overall health.

Interlinkages between coopetition and organisational innovation in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Navío Marco ◽  
Raquel Ibar-Alonso ◽  
Maria Bujidos-Casado
Keyword(s):  
Employee Training ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organisational Innovation ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A Company

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between coopetition and organisational innovation in EU countries. As coopetition is usually studied from an inter-company perspective, this work looks in detail at the “ad intra” dynamics of the coopeting companies to understand how they adjust their organisation or implement organisational innovation to successfully adopt this original approach. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the Eurostat (CIS2014), this research offers a quantitative study into coopeting companies, relating coopetition to organisational innovation. The analysis technique used in this study is logistic regression with maximum likelihood estimation, where the dependent variable is the location of the coopeting companies. Findings The findings highlight specific characteristics and differences according to whether a company coopetes domestically or in other more complex geographic environments. It also incorporates variables into the analysis, such as the use of price marketing, employee training and company size. Originality/value This study provides insights into the relationship between coopetition and organisational innovation, in a research field that usually focusses on inter-company analysis. Several little-studied factors are included in the analysis, such as the role of employee qualifications and differences in coopetition in different geographic areas. The authors observe that, in certain locations, coopetition could be related to a “market entry” effect.

Randomized Clinical Trials in Surgery

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bucknam McPeek ◽  
Frederick Mosteller ◽  
Martin McKneally
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Comparative Effectiveness ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Relationship

When it is well conducted, a randomized clinical provides the strongest evidence available for evaluating the comparative effectiveness of the interventions tested. Over the last two generations, we have learned much about various devices for strengthening them and about methods of avoiding between in their design, execution, analysis, and reporting. In a trial, we seek evidence for a causal link between treatment and observed outcomes. Becaues the controlled trial depends on an argument based on exculsion (i.e., no other causes or differences affected the experimental groups), we strengthen its inference by taking steps to exclude any such differences.This article discusses a number of issues that deserve consideration: problems of multiplicity and generalizability, devices for strengthening trials, issues of power and sample size, the relationship between study design and reported gains, when to undertake a trial, the role of collaborative trials, and ways to make trials more feasible in clinical settings.

scholarly journals Factors Related to Hypocalcemia in human Brucellosis: a retrospective review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Zhen ◽  
Xiaohan Zhang ◽  
Siwen Zhang ◽  
Qianqian Chen ◽  
Xiangyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background. In recent years, some severe complications of brucellosis have been raised many researchers’concern. Hypocalcemia, which is commonly seen in serious infectious diseases, such as sepsis, severe bacterial pneumonia and AIDS, has been reported less in Brucellosis. To our knowledge, serious consequences would be caused by hypocalcemia. Some studies have provided evidence of high serum calcium levels in patients with brucellosis , but few studies have reported the incidence and impact of brucellosis hypocalcemia,except for one case of rifampic-associated hypocalcemia. Objective . To summarize the clinical and epidemiological characteristics , to explore the influence of hypocalcemia on brucellosis.In addition, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between rifampicin in the treatment of brucellosis and secondary hypocalcemia, so as to provide clinical guidance. Methods . A retrospective study was carried out to review the records of 572 brucellosis patients from January 2015 to December 2016 of a hospital in shenyang, liaoning province, China.Patients were divided into three groups according to the serum calcium level, one group of 102 patients was hypocalcemia ,one group of 442 patients was normal corrected calcium and the other group of 28 patients was hypercalcemia. Results . The history of administration of rifampicin（OR=2.098, 95%CI=1.145~3.844）and tetracycline（OR=2.105, 95%CI=1.266~3.501）are the related factors of hypocalcemia. Conclusions . Further evaluation in randomized clinical trials of the indicative role of hypocalcimia is needed to be followed up.Provide evidence for the risk factors of hypocalcemia in brucellosis patients with the history of rifampicin administration.

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