scholarly journals Energy expenditure associated with walking speed and angle of turn in children

2018 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 2563-2576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam G. M. Crossley ◽  
Kelly A. Mackintosh ◽  
Rory P. Wilson ◽  
Leanne J. Lester ◽  
Iwan W. Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Walking Speed

scholarly journals The relationship between relative aerobic load, energy cost, and speed of walking in individuals post-stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Johanna Blokland ◽  
Arianne S Gravesteijn ◽  
Mathijs C Busse ◽  
Floor P Groot ◽  
Coen AM van Bennekom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Load ◽  
Post Stroke

Background: Individuals post-stroke walk slower than their able-bodied peers, which limits participation. This might be attributed to neurological impairments, but could also be caused by a mismatch between aerobic capacity and aerobic load of walking. Research question: What is the potential impact of aerobic capacity and aerobic load of walking on walking ability post-stroke? Methods: In a cross-sectional study, forty individuals post-stroke (more impaired N=21; preferred walking speed (PWS)<0.8m/s, less impaired N=19), and 15 able-bodied individuals performed five, 5-minute treadmill walking trials at 70%, 85%, 100%, 115% and 130% of PWS. Energy expenditure (mlO2/kg/min) and energy cost (mlO2/kg/m) were derived from oxygen uptake (VO2). Relative load was defined as energy expenditure divided by peak aerobic capacity (%VO2peak) and by VO2 at ventilatory threshold (%VO2-VT). Relative load and energy cost at PWS were compared between groups with one-way ANOVAs. The effect of speed on these parameters was modeled with GEE. Results: Both more and less impaired individuals post-stroke showed lower PWS than able-bodied controls (0.44[0.19-0.76] and 1.04[0.81-1.43] vs 1.36[0.89-1.53] m/s) and higher relative load at PWS (50.2±14.4 and 51.7±16.8 vs 36.2±7.6 %VO2 peak and 101.9±20.5 and 97.0±27.3 vs 64.9±13.8 %VO2-VT). No differences in relative load were found between stroke groups. Energy cost at PWS of more impaired (0.30[.19-1.03] mlO2/kg/m) was higher than less-impaired (0.19[0.10-0.24] mlO2/kg/m) and able-bodied (0.15[0.13-0.18] mlO2/kg/m). For post-stroke individuals, increasing walking speed above PWS decreased energy cost, but resulted in a relative load above endurance threshold. Significance: Individuals post-stroke seem to reduce walking speed to prevent unsustainably high relative aerobic loads at the expense of reduced economy. When aiming to improve walking ability in individuals post-stroke, it is important to consider training aerobic capacity.

EXPRESS: “Run to the hills”: Specific contributions of anticipated energy expenditure during active spatial learning

2022 ◽  
pp. 174702182210765
Author(s):  
Simon Lhuillier ◽  
Pascale Piolino ◽  
Serge Nicolas ◽  
Valérie Gyselinck
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Space Perception ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Locomotion Cost ◽  
Constructivist Approaches

Grounded views of cognition consider that space perception is shaped by the body and its potential for action. These views are substantiated by observations such as the distance-on-hill effect, described as the overestimation of visually perceived uphill distances. An interpretation of this phenomenon is that slanted distances are overestimated because of the integration of energy expenditure cues. The visual perceptual processes involved are however usually tackled through explicit estimation tasks in passive situations. The goal of this study was to consider instead more ecological active spatial processing. Using immersive virtual reality and an omnidirectional treadmill, we investigated the effect of anticipated implicit physical locomotion cost by comparing spatial learning for uphill and downhill routes, while maintaining actual physical cost and walking speed constant. In the first experiment, participants learnt city layouts by exploring uphill or downhill routes. They were then tested using a landmark positioning task on a map. In the second experiment, the same protocol was used with participants who wore loaded ankle weights. Results from the first experiment showed that walking uphill routes led to a global underestimation of distances compared to downhill routes. This inverted distance-of-hill effect was not observed in the second experiment, where an additional effort was applied. These results suggest that the underestimation of distances observed in experiment one emerged from recalibration processes whose function was to solve the transgression of proprioceptive predictions linked with uphill energy expenditure. Results are discussed in relation to constructivist approaches on spatial representations and predictive coding theories.

No. 305 Energy Expenditure and Walking Speed in Lower Limb Amputees: An Old Problem Revisited Again

PM&R ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. S153
Author(s):  
Teuta Osmani Vllasolli ◽  
Beti Zafirova ◽  
Ardiana Murtezani ◽  
Bukurije Rama
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Lower Limb Amputees

scholarly journals The CAT-CAM socket and quadrilateral socket: A comparison of energy cost during ambulation

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Gailey ◽  
D. Lawrence ◽  
C. Burditt ◽  
P. Spyropoulos ◽  
C. Newell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alignment Method ◽  
Normal Walking ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Healthy Males

Twenty unilateral trans-femoral amputees fitted with either the Contoured Adducted Trochanteric-Controlled Alignment Method (CAT-CAM) socket (n=10) or the quadrilateral (QUAD) socket (n=10), and a “non-amputee” control group (n=10) participated in the study. Subjects meeting the following criteria were studied: healthy males between the ages of 18 and 55 years, amputation due to non-vascular pathology, an unaffected sound limb, at least six months use of the test prosthesis, and a minimal stump length of 15 cm. Subjects ambulated in two randomized trials separated by 20 minutes of rest at 2 assigned speeds: a pace reflecting normal walking speed (97 m/min=2.5 mph) or a slower speed (48.5 m/min=1.25 mph). Heart rate (HR) and Oxygen uptake (VO2) measured during steady state walking were analyzed via two-way ANOVA. Differences among means were further analyzed using Tukey post hoc and simple effects tests. Significant differences were observed between the control group and CAT-CAM subjects with respect to VO2 (p < 0.05) and HR (p < 0.01) at the slower speed. The control group and subjects using the QUAD socket also differed with respect to VO2 (p < 0.01) and HR (p < 0.01) at the slower pace. Faster pace required more energy expenditure (p < 0.01) and produced higher HR (p < 0.01) than slower speeds. At faster pace, a significantly higher energy expenditure in the QUAD than the CAT-CAM group was observed (p<0.01). It is concluded that ambulating at normal pace using the CAT-CAM socket design uses less energy than when using a QUAD socket design.

scholarly journals Distinct fast and slow processes contribute to the selection of preferred step frequency during human walking

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1682-1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Snaterse ◽  
Robert Ton ◽  
Arthur D. Kuo ◽  
J. Maxwell Donelan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Total Change ◽  
Direct Optimization ◽  
Frequency Selection ◽  
Fine Tune ◽  
Selection Of

Humans spontaneously select a step frequency that minimizes the energy expenditure of walking. This selection might be embedded within the neural circuits that generate gait so that the optimum is pre-programmed for a given walking speed. Or perhaps step frequency is directly optimized, based on sensed feedback of energy expenditure. Direct optimization is expected to be slow due to the compounded effect of delays and iteration, whereas a pre-programmed mechanism presumably allows for faster step frequency selection, albeit dependent on prior experience. To test for both pre-programmed selection and direct optimization, we applied perturbations to treadmill walking to elicit transient changes in step frequency. We found that human step frequency adjustments ( n = 7) occurred with two components, the first dominating the response (66 ± 10% of total amplitude change; mean ± SD) and occurring quite quickly (1.44 ± 1.14 s to complete 95% of total change). The other component was of smaller amplitude (35 ± 10% of total change) and took tens of seconds (27.56 ± 16.18 s for 95% completion). The fast process appeared to be too fast for direct optimization and more indicative of a pre-programmed response. It also persisted even with unusual closed-loop perturbations that conflicted with prior experience and rendered the response energetically suboptimal. The slow process was more consistent with the timing expected for direct optimization. Our interpretation of these results is that humans may rely heavily on pre-programmed gaits to rapidly select their preferred step frequency and then gradually fine-tune that selection with direct optimization.

scholarly journals The relationship between energy expenditure and physical functions in patients hospitalised for stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kota Hobo ◽  
Hideaki Kurita ◽  
Kimito Momose
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Functional Independence Measure ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Acceleration Sensor ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Physical Functions ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWe assessed the relationship between energy expenditure (EE) and Functional Independence Measure motor items (FIM-M) score, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score, and comfortable walking speed (CWS) in patients hospitalised for stroke. The total EE per day (TEE), EE during rehabilitation (REE), and EE during activities other than rehabilitation (OEE) were measured using a single-axis acceleration sensor in 36 patients hospitalised for the first stroke episode. In addition, the relationships between each type of EE and FIM-M, BBS, and CWS were investigated. In these patients (mean age 66.2 ± 10.6 years), the median values of TEE, REE, and OEE were 41.8 kcal, 18.5 kcal, and 16.6 kcal, respectively. Correlations were observed between each EE type and all physical function indices. Following the stratification of patients into two groups (high and low) based on the level of physical function, a significant correlation between EE type and physical function was observed only in the low BBS group. EE was correlated with overall physical function indices, but the trend differed depending on physical ability. When patients were stratified based on ability, there were several groups with no significant correlation. Therefore, several patients were unable to achieve an appropriate EE for their level of physical function.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Energy Expenditure and Physical Functions in Patients Hospitalised For Stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kota Hobo ◽  
Hideaki Kurita ◽  
Kimito Momose
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Functional Independence Measure ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Acceleration Sensor ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Physical Functions ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract We assessed the relationship between energy expenditure (EE) and functional independence measure (FIM-M) score, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and comfortable walking speed (CWS) in patients hospitalised for stroke. The total EE per day (TEE), EE during rehabilitation (REE), and EE during activities other than rehabilitation (OEE) were measured using a single-axis acceleration sensor in 36 patients hospitalised for a first stroke episode. In addition, the relationships between each type of EE and FIM-M, BBS, and CWS were investigated. In these patients (mean age 66.2±10.6 years), the median values of TEE, REE, and OEE were 41.8 kcal, 18.5 kcal, and 16.6 kcal, respectively. Correlations were observed between each EE type and all physical function indices. Following the stratification of patients into two groups (high and low) based on the level of physical function, a significant correlation between EE type and physical function was observed only in the low BBS group. EE was correlated with overall physical function indices, but the trend differed depending on physical ability. When patients were stratified based on ability, there were several groups with no significant correlation. Therefore, many patients were unable to achieve an appropriate EE for their level of physical function.

Energy Expenditure and Walking Speed in Lower Limb Amputees: a Cross Sectional Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teuta Vllasolli ◽  
Beti Zafirova ◽  
Nikola Orovcanec ◽  
Anastasika Poposka ◽  
Ardiana Murtezani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Limb Amputees

scholarly journals Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise. II. Effects of walking speed and work rate

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Donovan ◽  
G. A. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Baseline Correction ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Work Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Combined Work

A comparison of walking against vertical (gradient) and horizontal (trailing weight) forces was made during steady-rate exercise at 0.250, 500, and 750 kg-m/min with speeds of 3,0, 4.5, and 6.0 km/h. In all cases exponential relationships between energy expenditure (calculated from the steady-rate respiration) and increasing work rate and speed were observed which indicated that muscular efficiency during walking is inversely related to speed and work rate. “Work” (level, unloaded walking as the baseline correction), “delta” (measured work rate as the baseline correction), and “instantaneous” (derived from the equation describing the caloric cost of work) efficiencies were computed. All definitions yielded decreasing efficiencies with increasing work rates. At work rates above 250 kg-m/min the curves describing the relationship between energy expenditure and work rate were parallel for vertical and horizontal forces, indicating equivalent efficiencies in this range. Only the delta and instantaneous definitions accurately described these relationships for vertical and horizontal work. Determinations of combined work loads (gradient plus trailing weight) were made and the energy costs of both types of work found to be additive.

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