scholarly journals Current knowledge on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small-bowel damage: a comprehensive review

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Watanabe ◽  
Yasuhiro Fujiwara ◽  
Francis K. L. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Small Bowel Endoscopy ◽  
Intestinal Ulcers

AbstractRecent advances in small-bowel endoscopy such as capsule endoscopy have shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) frequently damage the small intestine, with the prevalence rate of mucosal breaks of around 50% in chronic users. A significant proportion of patients with NSAIDs-induced enteropathy are asymptomatic, but some patients develop symptomatic or complicated ulcers that need therapeutic intervention. Both inhibition of prostaglandins due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenases and mitochondrial dysfunction secondary to the topical effect of NSAIDs play a crucial role in the early process of injury. As a result, the intestinal barrier function is impaired, which allows enterobacteria to invade the mucosa. Gram-negative bacteria and endogenous molecules coordinate to trigger inflammatory cascades via Toll-like receptor 4 to induce excessive expression of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and to activate NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-interleukin-1β into its mature form. Finally, neutrophils accumulate in the mucosa, resulting in intestinal ulceration. Currently, misoprostol is the only drug that has a proven beneficial effect on bleeding small intestinal ulcers induced by NSAIDs or low-dose aspirin, but its protection is insufficient. Therefore, the efficacy of the combination of misoprostol with other drugs, especially those targeting the innate immune system, should be assessed in the next step.

Butyrate as a Potential Preventive Therapy for Obesity

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
P. Meena Kumari ◽  
S. P. Muthukumar
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Mediator ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Due to its grave pathological role of obesity, comprehensive research is being continued to find out the causative factors involved in it. Recent advances in this field are increasingly recognized that there is a connection between diet, gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function and the low-grade inflammation that characterize the progression from obesity to metabolic disturbances, making dietary strategies to modulate the intestinal environment is important. In this context, the ability of some Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria to produce the shortchain fatty acid butyrate is impressive. A lower abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria has been associated with metabolic risk in humans. Recent studies suggest that butyrate might have been linked with metabolic risk in humans, and recommend that butyrate might have an anti-inflammatory mediator in metabolic diseases, and the potential of butyrate can alleviate obesity-related metabolic complications, possibly due to its ability to enhance the intestinal barrier function. Endogenous butyrate synthesis, delivery, and absorption by colonocytes have been well studied. Butyrate exerts its function by serving as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor or signaling through several G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). Latterly butyrate has gained selective attention for its favorable effects on intestinal homeostasis and energy metabolism. With anti-inflammatory properties, butyrate improves intestinal barrier function and mucosal immunity. Growing proof has highlighted the influence of butyrate on obesity. In this review the current knowledge on the features of butyrate, especially its potential effects and mechanisms involved in intestinal health and obesity. Here we review and discuss the potentials of butyrate as an anti-inflammatory mediator in obesity and the potential for dietary interventions increasing intestinal availability of butyrate.

scholarly journals The Potential of Gut Commensals in Reinforcing Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviating Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaisa Hiippala ◽  
Hanne Jouhten ◽  
Aki Ronkainen ◽  
Anna Hartikainen ◽  
Veera Kainulainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Beneficial Action ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Extracellular Structures

The intestinal microbiota, composed of pro- and anti-inflammatory microbes, has an essential role in maintaining gut homeostasis and functionality. An overly hygienic lifestyle, consumption of processed and fiber-poor foods, or antibiotics are major factors modulating the microbiota and possibly leading to longstanding dysbiosis. Dysbiotic microbiota is characterized to have altered composition, reduced diversity and stability, as well as increased levels of lipopolysaccharide-containing, proinflammatory bacteria. Specific commensal species as novel probiotics, so-called next-generation probiotics, could restore the intestinal health by means of attenuating inflammation and strengthening the epithelial barrier. In this review we summarize the latest findings considering the beneficial effects of the promising commensals across all major intestinal phyla. These include the already well-known bifidobacteria, which use extracellular structures or secreted substances to promote intestinal health. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, and Eubacterium hallii metabolize dietary fibers as major short-chain fatty acid producers providing energy sources for enterocytes and achieving anti-inflammatory effects in the gut. Akkermansia muciniphila exerts beneficial action in metabolic diseases and fortifies the barrier function. The health-promoting effects of Bacteroides species are relatively recently discovered with the findings of excreted immunomodulatory molecules. These promising, unconventional probiotics could be a part of biotherapeutic strategies in the future.

scholarly journals Walnut Oil Alleviates Intestinal Inflammation and Restores Intestinal Barrier Function in Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1302
Author(s):  
Adrian Bartoszek ◽  
Adam Makaro ◽  
Agnieszka Bartoszek ◽  
Radzisław Kordek ◽  
Jakub Fichna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Walnut Oil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Ulcerative colitis belongs to inflammatory bowel diseases, which is a group of chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a debilitating condition with a wide range of symptoms including rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and visceral pain. Current dietary habits often lead to imbalance in n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in favor of n-6 PUFA. Recent data showed the potential anti-inflammatory advantage of n-3 PUFA. Walnut oil (WO) is rich in those fatty acids and mainly consists of linoleic and linolenic acids that may act via free fatty acids receptors (FFARs). We assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of WO in the mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Moreover, we examined changes in the expression of tight junction proteins (TJ), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and FFAR proteins in the inflamed mouse colon. WO improves the damage score in inflamed tissue, significantly restoring ion transport and colonic wall permeability. Inflammation caused changes in TJ, FFAR, and pro-inflammatory gene proteins expression, which WO was able to partially reverse. WO has anti-inflammatory properties; however, its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. This stems from the pleiotropic effects of n-3 PUFA ligands associated with receptor distribution and targeted signaling pathways.

The role of butyrate in surgical and oncological outcomes in colorectal cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Hajjar ◽  
Carole S Richard ◽  
Manuela M Santos
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Antineoplastic Effect ◽  
The Impact

Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by colonic gut bacteria as a result of fermentation of dietary fibers. In the colon, butyrate is a major energy substrate and contributes to the nutritional support and proliferation of a healthy mucosa. It also promotes the intestinal barrier function by enhancing mucus production and tight junctions. In addition to its pro-proliferative effect in healthy colonocytes, butyrate inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. The antineoplastic effect of butyrate is associated with the inhibitory effect of butyrate on histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, which promote carcinogenesis. Due to the metabolic shift of cancer cells toward glycolysis, unused butyrate accumulates and inhibits procarcinogenic HDACs. In addition, recent studies suggest that butyrate may improve the healing of colonic tissue after surgery in animal models, specifically at the site of reconnection of colonic ends - anastomosis - after surgical resection. Here, we review current evidence on the impact of butyrate on epithelial integrity and colorectal cancer and present current knowledge on data that support its potential applications in surgical practice.

scholarly journals Health-Promoting Properties of Proanthocyanidins for Intestinal Dysfunction

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos González-Quilen ◽  
Esther Rodríguez-Gallego ◽  
Raúl Beltrán-Debón ◽  
Montserrat Pinent ◽  
Anna Ardévol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
Health Promoting

The intestinal barrier is constantly exposed to potentially harmful environmental factors, including food components and bacterial endotoxins. When intestinal barrier function and immune homeostasis are compromised (intestinal dysfunction), inflammatory conditions may develop and impact overall health. Evidence from experimental animal and cell culture studies suggests that exposure of intestinal mucosa to proanthocyanidin (PAC)-rich plant products, such as grape seeds, may contribute to maintaining the barrier function and to ameliorating the pathological inflammation present in diet-induced obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we aim to update the current knowledge on the bioactivity of PACs in experimental models of intestinal dysfunction and in humans, and to provide insights into the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms.

scholarly journals Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced diaphragm disease: an uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. e189-e191 ◽  
Author(s):  
MME Coolsen ◽  
SJ Leedham ◽  
RJ Guy
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Small Bowel Obstruction ◽  
Bowel Obstruction ◽  
Small Bowel Resection ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Inflammatory Drug ◽  
Diaphragm Disease ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Diagnostic Work ◽  
Work Up

Surgeons frequently deal with small bowel obstruction. However, small bowel obstruction caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced diaphragm disease is very rare. The diagnosis is challenging, as symptoms are often non-specific and radiological studies remain inconclusive. We present a case of a 63-year-old man who, after an extensive diagnostic work-up and small bowel resection for obstructive symptoms, was finally diagnosed with NSAID-induced diaphragm disease as confirmed by histology. An unusual aspect of this case is that the patient stopped using NSAIDs after he was diagnosed with a gastric ulcer 2–years previously. This suggests that NSAID-induced diaphragms of the small bowel take some time to develop and underlines the importance of careful history taking.

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