Isolation, characterization, and screening of antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from Leea Indica (Burm. F) Merr. Leaf

Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that live within plant tissues and can produce the same compounds as their host. Leea indica, commonly known as bandicoot berry, is a medicinal plant with various bioactive compounds. A study on the diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from L. indica has never been reported. So this study is essential to conduct to explore the diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria in the L.indica plant. The objective of the study was to isolate, identify, and screening of antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from L. indica leaf. We obtained 51 bacterial isolates with various of morphology. Microscopic identification showed that 44 isolates were categorized into Gram-negative (23 rod-shaped, 18 cocci-shaped, and 3 cocci bacilli-shaped isolates), and the other 7 isolates were categorized into Gram-positive (6 rod-shaped and 1 cocci-shaped isolates). The biochemical test showed that 100% of isolates have positive catalase, and 13.7% were suspected of having pathogenic activity on blood agar. The antioxidant activity showed that 17 isolates (more than 70%) had high inhibition by scavenging free radicals. It can be concluded that there are various endophytic bacteria isolated from L. Indica leaf and potentially producing antioxidant activity as their host.

Exposure of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on the Bioluminescence Process of Pu- and Pm-lux Recombinant P. putida mt-2 Strains

Comparison of the effects of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs; CuO, NiO, ZnO, TiO2, and Al2O3) on different bioluminescence processes was evaluated using two recombinant (Pm-lux and Pu-lux) strains of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 with same inducer exposure. Different sensitivities and responses were observed according to the type of NPs and recombinant strains. EC50 values were determined. The negative effects on the bioluminescence activity of the Pm-lux strain was greater than for the Pu-lux strains for all NPs tested. EC50 values for the Pm-lux strain were 1.7- to 6.2-fold lower (corresponding to high inhibition) than for Pu-lux. ZnO NP caused the greatest inhibition among the tested NPs in both strains, showing approximately 11 times less EC50s of CuO, which appeared as the least inhibited. Although NPs showed different sensitivities depending on the bioluminescence process, similar orders of EC50s for both strains were observed as follows: ZnO > NiO, Al2O3 > TiO2 > CuO. More detailed in-depth systematic approaches, including in the field of molecular mechanisms, is needed to evaluate the accurate effect mechanisms involved in both bioluminescence metabolic processes.

Short Review: Phytofabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Anticancer Applications

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the most well-known materials in the field of nanotechnology. Adopting a more environmentally friendly synthesis methods of ZnO NPs have been the focus in the last few decades. Of all green synthesis methods of ZnO NPs, fabrication with the help of plant extracts has been the most popular due to its many benefits. The use of phytofabricated ZnO NPs in anticancer studies has been conducted increasingly over the last decade because of its high inhibition activity against various types of cancerous cells. This short review article will present the current update on the phytofabrication of ZnO NPs in recent years and discuss on their cytotoxicity mechanism against cancer cells.

Synthesis, In-vitro and In-silico Anti-inflammatory activity of new Thiazole derivatives

The present study is aiming at synthesis of new heterocycles like benzimidazole nucleus containing Pyrazole, isoxazole and thiazoles. The title compounds were synthesized from 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) oxazol-2-amine (1). The title compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and showed excellent to moderate activity and molecular docking studies were supporting anti-inflammatory activity exhibiting high inhibition constant and binding energy. The chemical structures of the synthesised compounds were characterized by IR, 1HNMR, Mass spectroscopic techniques.

Discovery of Novel GMPS Inhibitors of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus by Structure Based Design and Enzyme Kinetic

Citrus production is facing an unprecedented problem because of huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Presently, no effective HLB-easing method is available when citrus becomes infected. Guanosine 5′-monophosphate synthetase (GMPS) is a key protein in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. GMPS is used as an attractive target for developing agents that are effective against the patogen infection. In this research, homology modeling, structure-based virtual screening, and molecular docking were used to discover the new inhibitors against CLas GMPS. Enzyme assay showed that folic acid and AZD1152 showed high inhibition at micromole concentrations, with AZD1152 being the most potent molecule. The inhibition constant (Ki) value of folic acid and AZD1152 was 51.98 µM and 4.05 µM, respectively. These results suggested that folic acid and AZD1152 could be considered as promising candidates for the development of CLas agents.

New Disulfiram Derivatives as MAGL-Selective Inhibitors

Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a key enzyme in the human endocannabinoid system. It is also the main enzyme responsible for the conversion of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of prostaglandin synthesis. The inhibition of MAGL activity would be beneficial for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, such as inflammation, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders and cancer. Here, the author reports the pharmacological evaluation of new disulfiram derivatives as potent inhibitors of MAGL. These analogues displayed high inhibition selectivity over fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), another endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzyme. In particular, compound 2i inhibited MAGL in the low micromolar range. However, it did not show any inhibitory activity against FAAH.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Eugenia patrisii Vahl, E. punicifolia (Kunth) DC., and Myrcia tomentosa (Aubl.) DC., Leaf of Family Myrtaceae

Essential oils (EOs) were extracted from Eugenia patrisii, E. punicifolia, and Myrcia tomentosa, specimens A and B, using hydrodistillation. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the volatile constituents present, and the antioxidant capacity of EOs was determined using diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. For E. patrisii, germacrene D (20.03%), bicyclogermacrene (11.82%), and (E)-caryophyllene (11.04%) were identified as the major constituents of the EOs extracted from specimen A, whereas specimen B primarily comprised γ-elemene (25.89%), germacrene B (8.11%), and (E)-caryophyllene (10.76%). The EOs of E. punicifolia specimen A contained β-Elemene (25.12%), (E)-caryophyllene (13.11%), and bicyclogermacrene (9.88%), while specimen B was composed of (E)-caryophyllene (11.47%), bicyclogermacrene (5.86%), β-pinene (5.86%), and γ-muurolene (5.55%). The specimen A of M. tomentosa was characterized by γ-elemene (12.52%), germacrene D (11.45%), and (E)-caryophyllene (10.22%), while specimen B contained spathulenol (40.70%), α-zingiberene (9.58%), and γ-elemene (6.89%). Additionally, the chemical composition of the EOs was qualitatively and quantitatively affected by the collection period. Furthermore, the EOs of the studied specimens, especially specimen A of E. punicifolia, showed a greater antioxidant activity in DPPH rather than TEAC, as represented by a significantly high inhibition percentage (408.0%).

Corrosion Inhibition Property of Amoxicillin Drug for Al-2014 Alloy in 1M HCl Solution

We focus on the corrosion behavior of Al-2014 alloy in the 1M HCl acidic medium. Also, the inhibition property of Amoxicillin on Al-2014 alloy was studied with different concentrations at different temperatures. The micrographs with and without inhibitor are examined with FE-SEM. It reveals that the Amoxicillin-treated surface has prevented corrosion compared to the untreated Al-2014 alloy. The potentiodynamic measurements reveal that Al-2014 alloy with 150ppm of inhibitor solution has the highest tendency to prevent corrosion in 1M HCl solution in all the samples at different temperatures. It is also verified from the adsorption isotherm, the high inhibition rate is due to the value of ′𝐾𝑎𝑑𝑠′ (6592.3kJ/mol.(25°C), 4524.09kJ/mol.(35°C)) and ΔG0(25°𝐶, 35°𝐶) ≈ −33.8, −33.9𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙.. From the EIS studies, the inhibition samples show a higher ‘Rct’ value implies good corrosion resistance. It is also confirmed from the equivalent circuit by Nyquist plots.

Fungal Endophytes of Tahiti Lime (Citrus citrus × latifolia) and Their Potential for Control of Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds Causing Anthracnose

Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the causal agents of anthracnose in several crops, and of post-flowering fruit drop (PFD) in citrus and key lime anthracnose (KLA). The pathogen normally attacks flowers, causing lesions only in open flowers. Under very favorable conditions, however, it can also affect flower buds and small fruits, causing complete rotting of the fruit and a premature fall, resulting in major economic crop losses. We isolated endophytic fungi from Tahiti lime to evaluate its diversity, verify its antagonistic capacity against the phytopathogen Colletotrichum acutatum C-100 in dual tests, and evaluate the ability of various endophytic agents to control flowers with induced anthracnose. 138 fungal isolates were obtained from 486 fragments of branches, leaves, and fruit; from which 15 species were identified morphologically. A higher isolation frequency was found in branches and leaves, with a normal level of diversity compared to other citrus species. Of the 15 morphospecies, 5 were trialed against C. acutatum in antagonism tests, resulting in a finding of positive inhibition. 2 endophytic fungi from the antagonism tests demonstrated high inhibition of the phytopathogen, and were thus used in in vivo tests with Tahiti lime flowers, applied in a spore solution. Spore solutions of two molecularly identified species, Xylaria adscendens, and Trichoderma atroviride, reduced the lesions caused by the phytopathogen in these in vivo tests. The finding that these endophytes react antagonistically against C. acutatum may make them good candidates for further biological control research in an agroindustry that requires environmental sustainability.