The biological functions of polyamine oxidation products by amine oxidases: Perspectives of clinical applications

AbstractExosomes are a subpopulation of the tumour microenvironment (TME) that transmit various biological molecules to promote intercellular communication. Exosomes are derived from nearly all types of cells and exist in all body fluids. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the most abundant contents in exosomes, and some ncRNAs with biological functions are specifically packaged into exosomes. Recent studies have revealed that exosome-derived ncRNAs play crucial roles in the tumorigenesis, progression and drug resistance of gastric cancer (GC). In addition, regulating the expression levels of exosomal ncRNAs can promote or suppress GC progression. Moreover, the membrane structures of exosomes protect ncRNAs from degradation by enzymes and other chemical substances, significantly increasing the stability of exosomal ncRNAs. Specific hallmarks within exosomes that can be used for exosome identification, and specific contents can be used to determine their origin. Therefore, exosomal ncRNAs are suitable for use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Regulating the biogenesis of exosomes and the expression levels of exosomal ncRNAs may represent a new way to block or eradicate GC. In this review, we summarized the origins and characteristics of exosomes and analysed the association between exosomal ncRNAs and GC development.

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Designed Synthesis of Diversely Substituted Hydantoins and Hydantoin-Based Hybrid Molecules: A Personal Account

Synlett ◽

10.1055/a-1480-6474 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vinod Kumar

Keyword(s):

Clinical Applications ◽

Point Of View ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Personal Account ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Structural Modifications ◽

Hybrid Molecules ◽

Biological Target ◽

Designed Synthesis ◽

Mixed Mechanism

Hydantoin and its analogs such as thiohydantoin and iminohydantoin have received substantial attention both from a chemical and biological point of view. Several compounds of this class have shown useful pharmacological activities such as anticonvulsant, antitumor, antiarrhythmic, herbicidal, and others that lead in some cases to clinical applications. Because of broad-spectrum activities, intensive research efforts have been dedicated in industry and academia to the synthesis and structural modifications of hydantoin and its derivatives. Realizing the importance of hydantoin in organic and medicinal chemistry, we also initiated a research program to successfully design and develop the new routes/methods resulting in the formation of hydantoin, thiohydantoin, and iminohydantoin substituted at different positions particularly at the N-1 position without following protection-deprotection strategy. Given the fact that the combination of two or more pharmacophoric groups may lead to hybrid molecules which result in a mixed mechanism of action on the biological target. We, therefore, further extended the developed strategy for the synthesis of new types of hydantoin-based hybrid molecules by combining hydantoin with a triazole, isoxazoline, and phosphate scaffolds as another pharmacophoric group to exploit diverse biological functions.

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A review of chemistry and pharmacology of Piperidine alkaloids of Pinus and related genera

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201022666210812123815 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Lav Singh ◽

Atul K. Upadhyay ◽

Pooja Dixit ◽

Arpit Singh ◽

Divyanshu yadav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Research ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Western Himalayas ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Piperidine Alkaloids ◽

Therapeutic Application ◽

Different Types ◽

Limited Scale ◽

North Western ◽

Therapeutic Profile

Background: Pinus and other related conifers belonging to family pinaceae are most commonly used medicinal plants in Indian North-western Himalayas. Various parts of these plants including needles are source of several well known alkaloids. Of all the alkaloids, piperidine group is one of important component and hold considerable medicinal importance. Methods: The group of alkaloids was initially identified from genus Piper through which a large variety of piperidine molecules have been extracted. The planar structure of this heterocyclic nucleus enables acetamide groups to be added at various ring configurations. Results: In the area of drug research, the piperidine heterocycle has gained considerable interest. To produce a new therapeutic profile, the broad range of its therapeutic application paved the way for researchers to implant the nucleus from time to time in diversified pharmacophores. Discussion: However, biological functions of piperidine metabolites have been mostly examined on a limited scale and that most of the findings are thus preliminary. We have tried to present different clinical applications of piperidine alkaloids in this study that researchers have already attempted to demystify from time to time. Conclusion: Given the importance of the piperidine nucleus, the study will enable the researcher to produce scaffolds of the highest therapeutic efficacy. We have also illustrated different types of piperidine, its sources in different member of family pinaceae with special emphasis on Pinus.

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IFN-γ: Recent Advances in Understanding Regulation of Expression, Biological Functions, and Clinical Applications

Interferon: The 50th Anniversary - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ◽

10.1007/978-3-540-71329-6_6 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 97-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

H. A. Young ◽

J. H. Bream

Keyword(s):

Clinical Applications ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Regulation Of Expression ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Ifn Γ

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Exosomes as Efficient Nanocarriers in Osteosarcoma: Biological Functions and Potential Clinical Applications

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2021.737314 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Lingkai Yang ◽

Xin Huang ◽

Haoyu Guo ◽

Lutong Wang ◽

Wenbo Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Overall Survival ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Immune Evasion ◽

Bone Tumor ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽

Cellular Behavior

Osteosarcoma is the most common bone tumor affecting both adolescents and children. Although localized osteosarcoma has an overall survival of >70% in the clinic, metastatic, refractory, and recurrent osteosarcoma have poorer survival rates. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells and originally thought to be a way for cells to discard unwanted products. Currently, exosomes have been reported to be involved in intercellular cross-talk and induce changes in cellular behavior by transferring cargoes (proteins, DNA, RNA, and lipids) between cells. Exosomes regulate osteosarcoma progression, and processes such as tumorigenesis, proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and drug resistance. Increasing evidences shows that exosomes have significant potential in promoting osteosarcoma progression and development. In this review, we describe the current research status of exosomes in osteosarcoma, focusing on the biological functions of osteosarcoma exosomes as well as their application in osteosarcoma as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

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Targeting lysosomes in human disease: from basic research to clinical applications

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy ◽

10.1038/s41392-021-00778-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mengdie Cao ◽

Xiangyuan Luo ◽

Kongming Wu ◽

Xingxing He

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Human Disease ◽

Basic Research ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Lysosomal Acidification

AbstractIn recent years, accumulating evidence has elucidated the role of lysosomes in dynamically regulating cellular and organismal homeostasis. Lysosomal changes and dysfunction have been correlated with the development of numerous diseases. In this review, we interpreted the key biological functions of lysosomes in four areas: cellular metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and cell death. More importantly, we actively sought to determine the characteristic changes and dysfunction of lysosomes in cells affected by these diseases, the causes of these changes and dysfunction, and their significance to the development and treatment of human disease. Furthermore, we outlined currently available targeting strategies: (1) targeting lysosomal acidification; (2) targeting lysosomal cathepsins; (3) targeting lysosomal membrane permeability and integrity; (4) targeting lysosomal calcium signaling; (5) targeting mTOR signaling; and (6) emerging potential targeting strategies. Moreover, we systematically summarized the corresponding drugs and their application in clinical trials. By integrating basic research with clinical findings, we discussed the current opportunities and challenges of targeting lysosomes in human disease.

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