The role of the sample standard deviation in the analysis of measurement data

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Willink
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Sample Standard Deviation

Nucleic Acid Molecules Prepared by Monolayer Techniques

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Dimitrij Lang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Contour Length ◽  
Sample Standard Deviation ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Protein Monolayer

The success of the protein monolayer technique for electron microscopy of individual DNA molecules is based on the prevention of aggregation and orientation of the molecules during drying on specimen grids. DNA adsorbs first to a surface-denatured, insoluble cytochrome c monolayer which is then transferred to grids, without major distortion, by touching. Fig. 1 shows three basic procedures which, modified or not, permit the study of various important properties of nucleic acids, either in concert with other methods or exclusively:1) Molecular weights relative to DNA standards as well as number distributions of molecular weights can be obtained from contour length measurements with a sample standard deviation between 1 and 4%.

Detection and Analysis of Rats’ Bioelectromagnetic Signal

2014 ◽  
Vol 536-537 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Hong Long Cao ◽  
Fen Ju Qin ◽  
Xue Guan Liu ◽  
He Ming Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Automatic System ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Frequency Window ◽  
Window Effects

In this paper, we designed an automatic system and automatic test software, and they can carry out Kunming rats bioelectromagnetic measurement in standard status and anesthesia automatically in anechoic chamber where the electromagnetic field outside is shielded, the reflection wave is absorbed, and the measurement accuracy will be improved. We get a great number of measurement data with frequency-sweep measurement method. The mean and standard deviation of amplitudes vs. frequencies is calculated and analyzed. The results show the measurement method is feasible. We have plotted the means of measured data as multiple sets of Y values in a series of bars with standard deviations bars included and distributed in the frequency axis of X. It is found that the fluctuation of the mean and standard deviation in some frequencies is not evident which may explain frequency window effects, while in other frequencies, such a fluctuation can be obviously observed, which may suggest that bioelectromagnetic signal is influenced by biological activities (standard and anaesthesia status) in these frequency points.

scholarly journals Banking and Industrialization

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1753-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Heblich ◽  
Alex Trew
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Industrial Employment ◽  
Employment Share ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Employment Data

AbstractWe establish a causal role for banking access in the spread of the Industrial Revolution over the period 1817–1881 by exploiting unique employment data from 10,528 parishes across England and Wales and a novel instrument. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in 1817 finance employment increases annualized industrial employment growth by 0.93 percentage points. We establish the role of structural transformation as an underlying growth mechanism and show that banking access: (i) increases the industrial employment share; (ii) stimulates urbanization; and (iii) fosters inter-industry transition to high TFP, intermediate and capital-intensive sub-sectors.

Can foreign aid free the press?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
NABAMITA DUTTA ◽  
CLAUDIA R. WILLIAMSON
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Mean

AbstractCan foreign aid help free the press? Aid may boost press freedom by incentivizing government to reduce media regulations and provide financial support for infrastructure. Alternatively, foreign aid may prevent press freedom by expanding the role of the state and promoting government over private enterprises. We contend that the magnitude of foreign aid's influence is conditional on the existence of democratic checks. Using panel data from 1994 to 2010, we find evidence suggesting that aid significantly increases press freedom in democracies but insignificantly relates to press freedom in autocracies. Collectively, the results suggest that a standard deviation increase in aid to a country at the mean level of democracy increases press freedom by approximately a 1/20th standard deviation. Overall, the findings suggest that donors should be cautious as most aid recipients are not democratic and aid leads to only relatively small marginal improvements in press freedom.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Number of Unemployed and Employed For Lithuanian Counties and Municipalities Using Models

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Linas Naujanis ◽  
Danutė Krapavickaitė
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Finite Population ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Parameters Estimation ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Stein Estimator ◽  
Role Of Information

Problems of finite population parameters estimation are analyzed in this paper. Four methods have been used for parameterestimation: sampling design-based unbiased estimator, multiple regression and logistic regression model-based estimators and James–Stein estimator. The design-based estimator is unbiased, but its standard deviation is usually high. Model-based estimators are notunbiased, but their standard deviations are low. In order to minimize the standard deviation and the bias, the James–Stein estimator isapplied. Labour force survey data of Statistics Lithuania are used for simulation to study model-based estimators for the number ofunemployed and employed persons in districts and counties, and the role of information on registered unemployment in these models.

دور واقع التعليم الإلكتروني في ظل جائحة كورونا على الرضا عنه لدى طلبة جامعة فلسطين التقنية – خضوري من وجهة نظرهم

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 348-386
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Average Response ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Technical University

ملخص: هدفت الدراسة إلى معرفة دور واقع التعليم الإلكتروني في ظل جائحة كورونا على الرضا عنه لدى طلبة جامعة خضوري من وجهة نظرهم. واستخدِم المنهج الوصفي المسحي الميداني كمنهج للدراسة، تكون مجتمع الدراسة من جميع طلبة جامعة فلسطين التقنية (خضوري) فرع رام الله ذكوراً وإناثاً للعام الدراسي 2020/2021 والبالغ عددهم (817) طالباً وطالبةً، وتكونت عينة الدراسة بنسبة (25%) من مجتمع الدراسة؛ إذ بلغت (204) طالباً وطالبةً من طلبة جامعة فلسطين التقنية (خضوري) فرع رام الله اختيرت بالطريقة الطبقية العشوائية. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة عدم رضا الطلبة لدى طلبة جامعة خضوري في فلسطين لدور واقع التعليم الالكتروني بشكل كبير خلال جائحة كورونا لاختفاء تأثير المنهاج الخفي غير المعلن، وقد كان المتوسط العام للدرجة الكلية للأداة بدرجة فاعلية “متوسطة” ونسبة استجابتها (66,3%) وبانحراف معياري (0.691) ومتوسط استجابة (3,316). أما عن الدرجة الكلية للمجال الأول فقد كانت بدرجة أثر “متوسطة” بنسبة استجابة (63,7%)، وبانحراف معياري (0.774)، ومتوسط استجابة (3.184)، أما عن الدرجة الكلية للمجال الثاني فقد كانت بدرجة أثر “متوسطة” بنسبة استجابة (68.3%)، وبانحراف معياري (0.698)، ومتوسط استجابة (3.413). كما أظهرت عدم وجود فروق في استجابات عينة الدارسة تعزى لمتغيري: الجنس، المستوى التعليمي، في حين ظهرت فروق دالة إحصائياً في استجابات عينة الدارسة تعزى لمتغيري: التخصص ولصالح الطلبة من ذوي التخصص الأدبي، ولمتغير مكان السكن ولصالح الطلبة الذين يسكنون في المخيم. الكلمات المفتاحية: واقع، التعليم الإلكتروني، فيروس كورونا، جامعة خضوري. Abstract The study aimed to know the role of the reality of e-learning in light of the Corona pandemic on the satisfaction of the students of Kadoorie University from their point of view. The descriptive field survey method was used as a method for the study. The study population consisted of all students of Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie) Ramallah Branch, male and female, for the academic year 2020/2021, and their number was (817) male and female students, and the study sample consisted of (25%) of the study population; It amounted to (204) male and female students from Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Ramallah Branch, which were chosen by random stratified method.The results of the study showed the students’ dissatisfaction among the students of Kadoorie University in Palestine for the role of the reality of e-learning in a significant way during the Corona pandemic due to the disappearance of the effect of the hidden undeclared curriculum, and the general average of the total score of the tool was with a “medium” effectiveness degree and its response rate (66.3%) and with a standard deviation of (0.691). ) and an average response (3.316). As for the total score for the first field, it was with a “medium” impact degree with a response rate of (63.7%), a standard deviation (0.774), and an average response (3.184), as for the total score for the second field, it was with a “medium” impact degree with a response rate (68.3%), with a standard deviation of (0.698), and the mean response (3.413). It also showed that there were no differences in the responses of the study sample due to the variables: gender, educational level, while there were statistically significant differences in the responses of the study sample due to the two variables: specialization and in favor of students with literary specialization, and the variable of place of residence and in favor of students who live in the camp. Keywords: reality, E-learning, Corona virus, Kadoorie University.

Evolution of the Role of Measurement Systems in Industrial Decision Support

2016 ◽  
pp. 560-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslaw Staron ◽  
Wilhelm Meding ◽  
Kent Niesel ◽  
Ola Söder
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Automated Measurement ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Distributed Decision

Measurement data can be used for decision support in multiple ways – from one-time, manual data collection/presentation (reporting) through flexible business intelligence solutions to online, automated measurement systems. In centralized organizations, the measurement data is often collected through reporting, but the trends in modern organizations with empowered teams, globalized development, and needs to monitor continuously longer supply chains requires shift in the design and use of measurement systems. In this chapter, we present a study of evolving measurement systems at three companies with global businesses – Ericsson, Volvo Cars, and Axis Communications. The results of the study include the identification of the timeline of the evolution, distinct generations of measurement systems and information needs in the different phases of the evolution. The experiences show how to evolve centralized decision support systems to support global and distributed decision support.

Alveolar pressure inhomogeneity during low-frequency oscillation of excised canine lobes

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Frequency Oscillation ◽  
Low Frequency Oscillation ◽  
Sample Standard Deviation ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Cyclic Changes

To quantify the inhomogeneity of alveolar pressures (PA) during cyclic changes in lung volume similar to those present during spontaneous breathing, inhomogeneity of PA was measured with an alveolar capsule technique in six excised canine lungs. The lungs were ventilated by a quasi-sinusoidal pump with a constant end-expiratory lung volume and tidal volumes of 10, 20, and 40% of vital capacity at breathing frequencies ranging from 5 to 45 breaths/min. Inhomogeneity of PA was quantified as the sample standard deviation of pressures measured in three capsules. A component of inhomogeneity in phase with flow and a smaller component out of phase with flow were present. The in-phase component increased approximately linearly with flow. The ratio of inhomogeneity to flow was smaller at large tidal volumes and, at the two higher tidal volumes studied, the ratio was greater during inspiration than during expiration. If these data are interpreted in terms of a simple circuit model, this degree of inhomogeneity implies an approximately twofold variation in regional time constants. Despite these considerable differences in time constants, the absolute amount of inhomogeneity as defined by the sample standard deviation of the three PA's was small (maximum 0.57 +/- 0.32 cmH2O at the highest breathing frequency and tidal volume) because airway resistance in the canine lung was small.

The Use of Downton’s Estimator in Dual Response Surface Optimization

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Kim Ch’ng ◽  
Boon Chong Michael Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Extreme Points ◽  
Robust Estimator ◽  
Sample Standard Deviation ◽  
Response Surface Optimization ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Dual Response ◽  
Surface Optimization

Kaedah sambutan dual terdiri daripada dua sambutan bagi suatu cirian kualiti. Dua sambutan tersebut ialah sambutan min dan sambutan sisihan piawai (varians) yang dianggarkan daripada reka bentuk eksperimen selepas penyuaian model dijalankan. Sambutan sisihan piawai biasanya dianggar daripada sisihan piawai sampel. Kelemahan utama penganggar yang berdasarkan sisihan piawai sampel adalah ia mudah dipengaruhi oleh titik ekstrim. Bagi kes sedemikian, model yang tersuai berdasarkan sisihan piawai sampel adalah mungkin tidak jitu. Oleh itu, penggunaan pendekatan ini mungkin tidak dapat memberi titik kompromi yang betul. Dalam kertas kerja ini, suatu anggaran sisihan piawai berdasarkan penganggar Downton dicadangkan dalam pengoptimuman kaedah sambutan dual. Penganggar teguh kurang dipengaruhi oleh titik ekstrim berbanding dengan sisihan piawai sampel. Dalam hal ini, suatu model tersuai yang berdasarkan penganggar teguh akan memberikan keputusan yang lebih baik. Suatu contoh digunakan untuk mengilustrasikan kecekapan cadangan kami dalam pengoptimuman. Dalam contoh ini ralat kuasadua min (MSE) akan digunakan sebagai ciri pengoptimuman. Kata kunci: Penganggar Downton, pengoptimuman sambutan dual, ralat min kuasa dua, pengoptimuman, titik kompromi A dual response surface approach consists of two responses of a quality characteristic. These two responses are the mean response and the standard deviation (variance) response, which are estimated from an experimental design after performing a model fitting. The standard deviation response is usually estimated using the sample standard deviation. The main drawback of this estimator by means of sample standard deviation is that it is easily influenced by extreme points. For this case, the fitted model based on the sample standard deviation may not be accurate. Thus, the use of this approach may not produce the correct compromised setting. In this paper, an estimation of the standard deviation based on Downton’s estimator in a dual response surface optimization is proposed. A Downton estimator is a robust estimator of standard deviation. A robust estimator is less affected by extreme points compared to the sample standard deviation. Here, a model based on a robust estimator will give better results. An example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposal in optimization. In this example, mean squared error (MSE) will be used as the optimization criterion. Key words: Downton’s estimator, dual response surface optimization, mean squared error, optimization, compromise setting

scholarly journals Nonstented tubularized incised plate urethroplasty with Y-to-I spongioplasty in non–toilet trained children

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fayez Almodhen ◽  
Ahmed Alzahrani ◽  
Roman Jednak ◽  
Jean Paul Capolicchio ◽  
Mohamed T. El Sherbiny
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Urethral Catheter ◽  
Cosmetic Appearance ◽  
Supportive Role ◽  
Tubularized Incised Plate ◽  
Urinary Extravasation ◽  
Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty ◽  
Urethral Stent

Introduction: This study was designed to evaluate the supportive role of spongioplastyduring tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty repair of hypospadias.Methods: All non–toilet trained children who underwent TIP repair for primaryhypospadias by 1 surgeon over a 30-month period were included inour study. The divergent spongiosa was mobilized off the corpora cavernosaand was rotated toward the midline to wrap the neourethra. A dartos flapwas used to cover the neourethra. The neourethra was calibrated immediatelyafter surgery in all patients. A urethral stent was left in place only when difficultcalibration was encountered. Complications and cosmetic appearance weredocumented at last follow-up.Results: Thirty-two consecutive patients with a mean age of 18 (standard deviation[SD] 6) months were included in the study. The defects were distal andmid-shaft in 26 patients (81.3%) and proximal-shaft in 6 (18.8%). No intraoperativecatheterization difficulties were encountered and all repairs were nonstented.Antibiotics and anticholinergics were not required. Mean follow-up was9 (SD 6) months. Urinary extravasation developed in 1 patient (3.1%) on the secondpostoperative day. A urethral catheter was easily inserted and left indwellingfor 5 days. One patient presented 6 days postoperatively with suspected voidingdifficulty. Urethral calibration was easily performed excluding any mechanicalobstruction. There were no urinary fistulae and reoperation was not required.An excellent cosmetic appearance was achieved in all patients.Conclusion: TIP urethroplasty is a versatile operation that can be performed inalmost all cases of penile hypospadias. A nonstented technique for hypospadiasrepair simplifies postoperative care and obviates the need for antibioticsand anticholinergics. We believe that spongioplasty provides good supportto the neourethra and the hypoplastic distal urethra that may facilitate catheterizationin the immediate and early postoperative periods, if required. Futurecontrolled study is warranted to further evaluate the role of spongioplasty.

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