scholarly journals Socratic Irony and Argumentation

Argumentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Airaksinen
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Method ◽  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Dutch Book ◽  
Dutch Book Argument ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
Intellectual Level ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractSocratic irony can be understood independently of the immortal heroics of Plato’s Socrates. We need a systematic account and criticism of it both as a debate-winning strategy of argumentation and teaching method. The Speaker introduces an issue pretending to be at a lower intellectual level than her co-debaters, or Participants. An Audience looks over and evaluates the results. How is it possible that the Speaker like Socrates is, consistently, in the winning position? The situation is ironic because the Participants fight from a losing position but realize it too late. Socratic irony compares with divine irony: divine irony is a subtype of Socratic irony since you lose when you challenge gods. Socratic irony is also, prima facie, a subtype of dramatic irony when the Audience knows more than the Participants on the stage. We must distinguish between the ideal and realistic elements of Socratic Irony. The very idea of Socratic irony looks idealized, or it is an ideal case, which explains the Speaker’s consistently winning position. In real life, the debate must be rigged, or the Dutch Book argument applies to the Participants, if the Speaker is so successful.

Criteria and Methods for Reliable Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther
Keyword(s):  
Image Reconstruction ◽  
Finite Number ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
General Object ◽  
The Ideal

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.

The DQE of an electron image recording system

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
K.-H. Herrmann ◽  
D. Krahl ◽  
H.-P Rust
Keyword(s):  
Primary Electron ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Image Recording ◽  
Main Requirement ◽  
High Detection ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Video Amplifier ◽  
Detection Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Ideal

The high detection quantum efficiency (DQE) is the main requirement for an imagerecording system used in electron microscopy of radiation-sensitive specimens. An electronic TV system of the type shown in Fig. 1 fulfills these conditions and can be used for either analog or digital image storage and processing [1], Several sources of noise may reduce the DQE, and therefore a careful selection of various elements is imperative.The noise of target and of video amplifier can be neglected when the converter stages produce sufficient target electrons per incident primary electron. The required gain depends on the type of the tube and also on the type of the signal processing chosen. For EBS tubes, for example, it exceeds 10. The ideal case, in which all impinging electrons create uniform charge peaks at the target, is not obtainable for several reasons, and these will be discussed as they relate to a system with a scintillator, fiber-optic and photo-cathode combination as the first stage.

scholarly journals The Process of Inquiry-Based Teaching Practices from the Perspective of Prospective Mathematics Teachers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Rabia Sarıca ◽  
Bayram Çetin
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Mathematics Teacher ◽  
Teacher Candidates ◽  
Teaching Practices ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Application Process ◽  
3Rd Grade

AbstractIntroduction: Inquiry-based teaching is a constructivist-based method that has become popular in recent years. In this method, students work in a systematic way like a scientist during the research process, actively participate in the learning process, solve problems and learn in practice. The aim of this study is to reveal the opinions of prospective teachers about inquiry based teaching practices.Methods: The study was designed in a qualitative research design. The participants of the study are primary mathematics teacher candidates. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted face-to-face with the students. The data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings obtained from the analysis of the prospective teachers’ views were presented with the relevant themes and codes under the titles.Results: Some of the findings of the prospective teachers’ opinions about the process in which inquiry-based teaching method is applied are as follows. It provides permanent learning, is suitable for real life, develops skills such as research, problem solving, leadership, motivates and gives experience to the profession, is learned actively by doing and experiencing in the process, unexpected difficulties are encountered, the traditional method is easier, not suitable for every course, the lecturer should give more feedback and guidance, communication and coordination in group work is required.Discussion: Prospective teachers stated many positive opinions about the process in which the course content was taught using inquiry-based method. It can be said that the application process positively influences the practical knowledge and skills of teacher candidates. However, it is seen that some prospective teachers find the process tiring and time consuming. It is understood that teacher candidates have intense concerns about Public Personnel Selection Examination (KPSS) and this affects the process. KPSS is a test in Turkey for prospective teachers where they should get enough points to be appointed as teachers after graduation. Although the participants of this study are 3rd grade prospective teachers and they take the KPSS exam after graduation; it is understood that KPSS affects them and their motivation.Limitations: This research is limited to the measurement and evaluation course and to the 3rd grade mathematics teacher candidates who are the participants of this study.Conclusions: Prospective teachers mostly have positive opinions about the inquiry-based teaching process. It can be said that it would be beneficial to use this method in teacher education.

scholarly journals The Acquisition and Learning of EFL in A Non-formal English Education in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-94
Author(s):  
Dwi Ide Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
English Education ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Descriptive Case Study ◽  
Affective Filter ◽  
Formal Institution

The acquisition and learning of English as a Foreign Language differs from that of English as a Second Language. In the EFL setting, it is not sufficient if the teaching and learning processes only depend on formal institution. Because of that, the non-formal education plays an important role to support the processes. This research aims at exploring (1) how Kampung Inggris Kebumen – as one of non-formal educations in Indonesia – was built; (2) what the teaching method used to make the learners in Kampung Inggris Kebumen speak English without any reluctance; and (3) how the learners in Kampung Inggris Kebumen acquire and learn English. This research applies qualitative method i.e. a descriptive case study by means of observation and interviews. The result shows that (1) as one of non-formal institution, Kampung Inggris Kebumen plays a significant important role in the success of English teaching and learning in  Kebumen Regency, in terms of their collaboration with MGMP Sekolah; (2)  Kampung Inggris Kebumen applies the combination of direct method and audio lingual method which are confirmed supportive in the process of acquiring and learning English as a Foreign Language; (3) The students feel that they can decrease their affective filter since the instructors of Kampung Inggris Kebumen use many fun learning activities, provide rich exposures, and intensive time to apply the English in students’ real life. Keywords : acquisition, learning, EFL, non-formal education

scholarly journals The Development of Online Learning in Israeli Higher Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erez Cohen ◽  
Nitza Davidovitch
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Student Satisfaction ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Findings

The COVID-19 pandemic that swept through the world in 2020 and forced the various higher education institutions in Israel and around the world to promptly embrace the online teaching method, placed on the agenda the question of this method’s efficacy as well as deliberations regarding its future implications. The current study reviews the development of online teaching in Israel’s higher education and examines whether this development derives from an organized and well-formulated public policy with a view to the future or is the result of the constraints and various actors within the free market. In addition, the study presents a case study of an academic institution, examining the opinions of students with regard to the benefits and shortcomings of online teaching. The research findings indicate that the development of online teaching in Israel is the result of needs, constraints, and opportunities that emerged in the free market rather than a result of organized public policy by the Ministry of Education and the Council for Higher Education. Consequently, the study presents the various implications of these unregulated developments for the quality of teaching and for student satisfaction. The study illuminates a thorough discussion that should be conducted by movers of higher education and academic institutions concerning a new effective designation of the campuses following the COVID-19 crisis as well as the distinction between virtual and real-life dimensions of academic teaching.

Generalization, similarity, and Bayesian inference

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua B. Tenenbaum ◽  
Thomas L. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Decay Function ◽  
Ideal Case ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Realistic Situation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Universal Law ◽  
The Ideal

Shepard has argued that a universal law should govern generalization across different domains of perception and cognition, as well as across organisms from different species or even different planets. Starting with some basic assumptions about natural kinds, he derived an exponential decay function as the form of the universal generalization gradient, which accords strikingly well with a wide range of empirical data. However, his original formulation applied only to the ideal case of generalization from a single encountered stimulus to a single novel stimulus, and for stimuli that can be represented as points in a continuous metric psychological space. Here we recast Shepard's theory in a more general Bayesian framework and show how this naturally extends his approach to the more realistic situation of generalizing from multiple consequential stimuli with arbitrary representational structure. Our framework also subsumes a version of Tversky's set-theoretic model of similarity, which is conventionally thought of as the primary alternative to Shepard's continuous metric space model of similarity and generalization. This unification allows us not only to draw deep parallels between the set-theoretic and spatial approaches, but also to significantly advance the explanatory power of set-theoretic models.

Immersion and Interaction via Avatars within Google Street View

2014 ◽  
pp. 266-281
Author(s):  
Ya-Chun Shih ◽  
Molly Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Virtual World ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Google Maps ◽  
Google Street View ◽  
Street View ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
3D Virtual World ◽  
Target Culture

The optimal approach to learning a target culture is to experience it in its real-life context through interaction. The new 3D virtual world platform under consideration, Blue Mars Lite, enables users to be immersed in existing Google Maps Street View panorama, globally. Google Maps with Street View contains a massive collection of 360-degree street-level images of the most popular places worldwide. The authors explore the possibility of integrating these global panoramas, in which multiple users can explore, discuss, and role-play, into the classroom. The goal of this chapter is to shed new light on merging Google Street View with the 3D virtual world for cultural learning purposes. This approach shows itself to be a promising teaching method that can help EFL learners to develop positive attitudes toward the target culture and cultural learning in this new cultural setting.

Mapping the Need for Mobile Collaboration Technologies

2011 ◽  
pp. 211-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saonee Sarker ◽  
Damon E. Campbell ◽  
Jan Ondrus ◽  
Joseph S. Valacich
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Informed Decision ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Group Leaders ◽  
Collaboration Technology ◽  
Collaboration Environment ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Collaboration Technologies ◽  
Mobile Collaboration ◽  
The Ideal

With the growing popularity of mobile technologies and the increasing use of groups within organizations, it is important to understand the collaboration contexts where mobile collaboration technologies (MCTs) are essential. This is especially critical given the high cost associated with the acquisition and implementation of MCTs and the need to make an informed decision regarding the appropriateness of MCTs. In this paper, the authors address this issue by first drawing on real life-based collaboration scenarios and examining the technology requirements of groups; second, comparing the features offered by MCTs with those of FTF and two types of CMCTs; third, proposing a collaboration environment-technology fit perspective in realizing optimal usage of a collaboration technology; and fourth, creating the Group Collaboration Technology Repertoire Grid, which maps the “ideal” collaboration technology(s) repertoire for each type of collaboration environment. The grid highlights the collaboration environments that would need MCTs and provides managers or organizational group leaders the ability to map their collaboration environments into a specific category and thus more easily decide on the particular collaboration technology repertoire that would be most beneficial.

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